一直以来,在对腐败现象的解释中,存在着两大流派的争论:一是制度论者,二是文化论者。制度论者认为,人类大体上都是差不多的(不论来自哪里),可以在几乎所有文化区域内的人群中发现趋利避害(最大化个人利益)的现象。因此,腐败现象的产生和蔓延,当是在某种制度环境下人的理性选择而已,一定是制度设计的某种特征鼓励了人们(他们更喜欢用“行动者”这个术语)这么做。文化论者的观点是针锋相对的,他们的理由也很简单,既然腐败完全是(其实制度论 All along, there are two major schools of argument in the interpretation of the phenomenon of corruption: one is the institutionalist, and the other is the culturalist. Institutionalists argue that humans are broadly similar (no matter where they come from) and can find benefits and avoidance (maximizing personal interests) among people in almost all cultures. Thus, the emergence and spread of corruption, when it is the rational choice of human beings in a system of institutions, must be some form of institutional design that encourages people to do the same (they prefer the term “actors”) . The viewpoints of culturalists are diametrically opposed, and their reasons are also very simple. Since corruption is (in fact, institutionalism