人们都期望政治行为主体能够具有政治美德,但是政治美德的性质必须在政治关系的真实结构的基础上加以考察。从交换正义而非分配正义入手,我们就能发现政治的本源现象是正规的、公共的强制力量,只有在这个基础上,我们才能进一步考察政治的积极作用。所以政治美德首先在于能够尊重并保卫人们通过放弃原初的任性自由而获得的法定权利和自由,进一步就是能够为发挥人们的创造力、追求自己的好生活观念提供广阔空间。在政治生活中,公民们自我反思、自制、彼此尊重、宽容,并在公共辩论中以理服人、以理服己,构成了政治美德的基本内容,它们需要靠政治制度的引导才有望达到兴盛,但绝非强制所能奏效。 People all expect political actors to have political virtues, but the nature of political virtues must be examined on the basis of the true structure of political relations. Starting from the exchange of justice rather than the allocation of justice, we can find that the political origin is a formal and public coercive force. Only on this basis can we further examine the positive role of politics. Therefore, the political virtue first lies in being able to respect and defend the legal rights and freedoms people obtain by giving up their original self-willed freedom, and further it is able to provide ample room for developing people’s creativity and pursuing their own concepts of good life. In political life, citizens reflect themselves, self-control, respect each other, tolerate each other and serve their own people by reason of public debate, thus constituting the basic content of political virtue which is expected to be achieved only by the guidance of the political system Prosperous, but by no means compelled to work.