论文部分内容阅读
本文分析了美国生物材料和生物研究的经济组织,重点讨论了人体生物材料和生物医学研究的情况。生物材料和生物医学研究的经济性质与产权安排是非常复杂的。这对于建设综合性科研用材料库和开展交换具有重要的意义。现今,美国还没有单一的交易市场,也没有一处能看得清轮廓的材料共享空间:生物医学交易包含了多种交易形式,涉及多个决策中心。关于有效治理的理论认为:运用多中心原则和多种契约机制、产权和监管方案,会把生物医学交易组织得井井有条。契约机制包括市场契约、三边契约、关系契约三原则。知识产权安排包括无限获取和使用、保密及专利信息协议、许可证和专利证书。监管办法包括有限监管、自我监管和第三方安排。美国生物医学研究的组织状况为进一步研究高效治理提供了绝佳契机。
This article analyzes the economic organization of biomaterials and biological research in the United States, focusing on human biomaterials and biomedical research. The economic nature of property and biotechnology research in biomaterials and biomedical research is complex. This is of great significance for the construction of a comprehensive repository of research materials and for the exchange of information. Today, the United States does not yet have a single market and there is no material-sharing space that can be seen clearly: Biomedical trading encompasses multiple forms of trading and involves multiple decision-making centers. The theory of effective governance holds that applying multi-center principles and multiple contractual mechanisms, property rights and regulatory programs will put the biomedical transaction organization in order. Contract mechanisms include the market contract, the three sides of the contract, the three principles of contract. Intellectual property arrangements include unlimited access and use, confidentiality and patent information agreements, licenses and patent certificates. Regulatory approaches include limited supervision, self-regulation and third-party arrangements. The organization of biomedical research in the United States provides an excellent opportunity for further research on efficient governance.