化学是一门在原子、分子水平上研究物质组成、结构与性能的辩证关系及能量、物质转化规律的科学。化学科学的研究对象是物质的化学运动。人们对物质的化学运动规律性的认识主要是通过变革分子的实践过程而不断深化的。 近代化学自创立以来,至今已有近二百年的历史,从整个学科理论的体系来看,可以认为化学已经经历了两次革命性的飞跃。第一次是1808年英国化学家、物理学家道尔顿提出的化学原子论。恩格斯曾指出,道尔顿的发现是个“能给整个科学创造一个中心并给研究工作打下巩固基础的发现”;因此,“化学中的新时代是 Chemistry is a science that studies the dialectical relationship between the composition, structure and properties of matter and the law of energy and material transformation at the molecular and atomic level. The research object of chemical science is the chemical movement of matter. People’s understanding of the laws of the chemical movement of matter is mainly deepened through the process of reforming the molecular practice. Since the founding of modern chemistry, there have been nearly two hundred years of history. From the perspective of the entire system of subject theory, it can be assumed that chemistry has undergone two revolutionary leaps. The first time was the chemical atomism proposed by Dalton, a British chemist and physicist, in 1808. Engels once pointed out that Dalton’s discovery was “a discovery that could create a center for the entire science and lay a solid foundation for research work”; therefore, “a new era in chemistry is