如众人所知,徐悲鸿留欧的主要目的是为了改良中国绘画,学习他所认知的欧洲写实主义绘画。对徐悲鸿来说,所谓的欧洲写实主义绘画是指学院素描和油画技巧,以及新的绘画题材。之后徐悲鸿将这些概念应用到中国传统媒材,有时候他也会将拟真的写实主义(mimetic realism)用到国画题材。本文讨论徐悲鸿的写实主义概念和创作与当时欧洲绘画有何不同,以及不同的欧洲艺术家如何表现国家主题。徐悲鸿在法国时向达仰学画,而在柏林时向康普学画,他从 As everyone knows, the main purpose of Xu Beihong’s stay in Europe is to improve Chinese painting and learn from his European realist paintings. For Xu Beihong, the so-called European realist paintings refer to college sketches and oil painting techniques, as well as new paintings. After Xu Beihong applied these concepts to traditional Chinese media, he sometimes used mimetic realism in traditional Chinese painting. This article discusses the differences between Xu’s concept of realism and creation and what was then European painting, and how different European artists represented national themes. Xu Beihong studied in France to Yang, and in Berlin, he learned from Commons