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目的:量化分析优秀短跑运动员途中跑步态中下肢各关节力矩的贡献成分及下肢肌群的做功情况。方法:采集8名优秀短跑运动员在塑胶跑道上途中跑时完整步态的二维运动学数据(300 Hz)及地面反作用力(1200 Hz)数据,利用环节互动动力学方法分析下肢各关节力矩,并计算各关节角度变化和下肢各关节肌群功率变化。结果:在支撑阶段,主要起控制作用的关节力矩为肌力矩和外力矩。摆动阶段,主要为肌力矩和惯性力矩。在快速跑的完整步态中,髋关节伸肌群、膝关节屈肌群及踝关节跖屈群功率峰值均分别显著高于髋关节屈肌群、膝关节伸肌群及踝关节背屈肌群功率峰值;同时,髋关节伸肌群和膝关节屈肌做正功时功率峰值均显著高于其做负功时功率峰值,踝关节跖屈肌群做负功时功率峰值显著高于其做正功时功率峰值。结论:快速跑时,地面反作用力在支撑期及各环节惯性力在摆动期对下肢运动及各关节肌群的工作性质产生主要影响;短跑训练中,应重视髋关节伸肌群的快速主动收缩(做正功)能力,膝关节屈肌群及踝关节跖屈肌群的快速退让性收缩(做负功)能力的训练。
OBJECTIVE: To quantitatively analyze the contributing components of lower limbs ’joint moments and the work of lower limbs muscles in runners’ states of excellent sprinters. Methods: Two-dimensional kinematic data (300 Hz) and ground reaction force (1200 Hz) data of eight excellent sprinters during the run on the plastic track were collected. The articulation dynamics of the joints were used to analyze the joint torque, And calculate the change of joint angle and muscle power of each joint. Results: During the support phase, the joint moments that mainly controlled the effects were muscle moment and external moment. Swing stage, mainly for muscle torque and moment of inertia. In the complete gait during rapid running, the peak values of flexor group, flexor group of knee and plantar flexor group of ankle were significantly higher than those of hip flexor group, knee extensor group and ankle flexor flexor muscle Peak power of hip flexor group and knee flexors were significantly higher than those of negative knee flexors. Peak power of ankle plantar flexor muscles was significantly higher than negative When doing positive power peak. Conclusions: During rapid run-time, the ground reaction force during the support phase and the inertial forces at each link have a major impact on the lower extremity motions and the working properties of the joints in the swings. In sprint training, rapid active contraction of the extensor hips (Doing positive work) ability, knee flexor group and ankle plantar flexor muscles rapid concessional contraction (negative power) training.