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Meso-scale structures existing in the form of particle-rich clusters, streamers or strands in circulating fluidized beds, and of ascending bubble plumes and descending liquid-rich vortices in bubble columns and slurry-bed reactors, as commonly observed, have played an important role in the macro-scale behavior of particle-fluid systems. These meso-scale structures span a wide range of length and time scales, and their origin, evolution and influence are still far from being well understood.
Meso-scale structures existing in the form of particle-rich clusters, streamers or strands in circulating fluidized beds, and of ascending bubble plumes and descending liquid-rich vorts in bubble columns and slurry-bed reactors, as commonly observed, have played an important role in the macro-scale behavior of particle-fluid systems. These meso-scale structures span a wide range of length and time scales, and their origin, evolution and influence are still far from being well understood.