回顾近代以来西方资产阶级宪政的历程,我们可以感触到有两条清晰的线索贯穿其始终,那即是“保障权利”与“限制权力”。事实上,权力与权利本身就是一对相关且相对的概念。正如霍布斯所指出的那样,“权力”乃是实现某种未来目标或利益的能力;“权利”则代表了采取某项行动或不受他人行动之干涉的自由①。因此,权利和权力的界限并不总是那么分明,甚至在某些时候,它们就是同一问题的两个方面——个人的权利只有 Looking back at the history of Western bourgeois constitutional government in modern times, we can feel that there are two clear clues running through it: “safeguarding rights” and “limiting power.” In fact, power and rights are themselves related and relative concepts. As Hobbes points out, “power” is the ability to achieve some future goal or interest; “right” represents the freedom to take or not to interfere with the actions of others. Therefore, the boundaries of rights and power are not always clear, and even at some point they are two aspects of the same problem - the rights of individuals are