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政策制定过程的实质是强势集团与弱势集团之间经过博弈达成一致协议的签约过程。这个过程充满了合作、妥协和讨价还价等权利的让渡行为,即交易行为。博弈双方都需要支付相应的成本—交易费用以确保交易活动的完成。正是由于交易费用的存在,使原本在力量对比上处于劣势的弱势集团更加不堪重负,造成“富者更富、贫者更贫”的马太效应。在政策制定过程中显性交易费用的构成包括:用来确定政策事项所付出的时间和精力;组织决策集团的费用;合作、妥协及讨价还价的费用;不确定性风险和制定考核标准的费用。隐性交易费用主要指寻租活动的租金。减少显性交易费用的路径是:制定相应的法律、法规,对弱势集团利益的维护作制度性规定;培育和发展非营利组织,形成新的多中心的治理模式。减少隐性交易费用的路径是:推动以建设电子政务为核心的公共行政体制改革,转变政策服务机制,形成网络治理的新模式;建立健全司法追诉体制等寻租惩罚机制,加大寻租成本。
The essence of the policy making process is the signing process of a consensus agreement between the strong group and the disadvantaged group through the game. This process is full of concessions, such as trading, of the right to cooperate, compromise and bargain. Both parties need to pay the corresponding costs - transaction costs to ensure the completion of trading activities. It is precisely because of the existence of transaction costs that the disadvantaged groups that were originally disadvantaged in the balance of power are more overwhelmed, resulting in the Matthew effect of “the rich are richer and the poorer are the poorest”. The composition of explicit transaction costs in the policy development process includes: the time and effort spent determining policy matters; the costs of organizing a decision-making group; the costs of cooperation, compromise and bargaining; the risk of uncertainty and the cost of developing a test standard. Recessive transaction costs mainly refer to rent for rent-seeking activities. The way to reduce the explicit transaction costs is to formulate corresponding laws and regulations, provide institutional provisions for safeguarding the interests of disadvantaged groups, nurture and develop non-profit organizations and form a new multi-center governance model. The path to reduce implicit transaction costs is to promote the reform of the public administration system with the core of building e-government as the core, to change the policy service mechanism and form a new mode of network governance, to establish and perfect the mechanism of rent-seeking and punishment such as judicial prosecution system, and increase rent-seeking costs .