关注动词不定式的完成体

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  动词不定式的时态上可分为三种,即:一般式to do,to be done;进行式to be doing;完成式to have done,to have been done;完成进行式to have been doing。下面谈谈不定式的完成体。
  
  一、动词不定式的完成体
  
  (1)如果不定式表示的动作是瞬间动作时,它表示一个在现在或过去某时之前已经完成的动作;如果是延续性动词,它表示一个一直持续到现在或过去某时的动作。
  A.常见的可接不定式的完成体的有:happen,see,appear,prove,pretend,seem等。例如:
  They seem to have experienced a destructive earthquake.他们似乎已经历了一场毁灭性的地震。(表示事情已经发生)
  My grandmother appeared to have lived a happy life.我奶奶似乎一直过得很幸福。(她的幸福生活一直持续到现在)
  B.常见的可用于“主语 + be said + to have done/been”,相当于主动句“People say that ...”,类似的结构有:be reported /thought/supposed/expected/believed/considered/known等。例如:
  Her husband is said to have given up smoking.据说她丈夫已经戒烟了。(戒烟发生在“据说”之前)
  The young girl is reported to have served the club for five years.据说那个小姑娘已经在这个俱乐部服役五年了。(不定式表示谓语动作所处的状态)
  C.常见的可以接不定式完成体的形容词有:glad,happy,sad,disappointed,satisfied,sorry,surprised等。例如:
  I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble.对不起,给您添了那么多的麻烦。
  We are disappointed to have known that our team lost the game.知道了我们队输了这场比赛,我们很失望。
  试比较下面不定式的一般式和完成式的区别:
  I’m happy to have seen you.见到你很高兴。(分手时说的话)
  I’m happy to see you.见到你很高兴。 (见面时说的话)
  I’m sorry to keep you waiting for a moment.对不起,要请你等一会。(说话时还未等)
  I’m sorry to have kept you waiting for a long time.对不起,让你等久了。(说话时已经等了很久了)
  (2)be + 不定式完成时态表示本该做或想做但又未做的动作。例如:
  You were to have arrived there early that day.__那天你们应该早点儿到那。(但你们晚到了。)
  I was to have helped him then,but I was too busy.那时我本想帮他的忙,可我太忙了。(未帮他的忙)
  (3)表示“意图,打算”之意的动词如hope,wish,expect,think,suppose,want,plan,agree,mean,try等用过去时,后接不定时完成时做宾语时,表示想做而未做成的事情。这种意义也可用这类词的“过去完成时 + 不定式的一般式”来表达。例如:
  We wished to have put out the fire in thirty minutes.(= We had wished to put out the fire in thirty minutes.) 我们本打算半小时就把火扑灭的。(结果没有)
  The engineers planned to have removed the temple before the dam was completed.(=The engineers had planned to remove the temple before the dam was completed.) 工程师们决定大坝建成之前把那座寺庙移走。
  
  二、动词不定式的完成进行体
  
  动词不定式的完成进行体表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前,并一直在进行着。其结构与不定式的完成体类似。如:
  He is said to have been translating Lu Xun’s works into English.据说他一直在把鲁迅的作品译成英文。(现仍然在译)
  He seems to have been teaching in that school for ten years.他似乎已经在那所学校教了十年书了。(强调继续教)
  The kind-hearted millionaire is very happy to have been helping the disabled.那位善良的富翁一直在帮助残疾人,并为此感到非常高兴。(仍在帮助)
  We supposed to have been living here till our children grew up.我们原以为可以在这一直呆下去,直到我们的孩子长大。(但我们家搬了)
  
  三、动词不定时完成体的被动式
  
  当主语与不定式的动词有被动关系,且不定式所表示的动作又先于谓语动词动作发生时,动词不定式就要用完成体的被动式。例如:
  The book is said to have been translated into many languages.__据说那本书已被译成了多种语言。
  The oranges were thought to have all been sold out.人们认为桔子已经全部卖光了。
  He is very sad to have lost four relatives in the earthquake.__他为这次地震中失去了四位亲人而感到十分痛心。★
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