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结构物在正常工作情况下,一般是以静荷载作为设计依据的。但在工程实际上,它们还经常承受动荷载的作用,其中有些动荷载如地震荷载、脉动风压等等可用动力系数乘以静荷载,应用静荷载的许用应力[σ]进行强度计算;但是,另一些动荷载如工业厂房基础受锻锤的冲击力,吊车梁受起动式刹车的冲击力等等对构件的加载速度超过了某一限度,使材料的机械性质发生显著的变化,其许用应力值也必定随之发生明显的改变。因此,构件受冲击荷载或高速加载的强度条件就不该建立在静荷载的许用应力[σ]值的基础上。为了考察结构物承受冲击荷载及高速动荷载的能力,在没有解决其许用应力值时往往根据实物的破坏试验资料进行分析,这就化费了大量的人力、财力。为此,本文对材料在冲击荷载的强度分析作一些探讨。
Under normal working conditions, structures are generally based on static loads as a design basis. However, in practice, they are also often subjected to dynamic loads. Some of them, such as seismic loads, fluctuating air pressures, etc., can be multiplied by static loads, and the allowable stress [σ] of static loads is used to calculate the strength. However, some other dynamic loads, such as the foundation of an industrial plant, are affected by the impact force of the hammer, and the loading speed of the crane beam by the impact force of the starter brake, etc. on the component exceeds a certain limit, causing a significant change in the mechanical properties of the material. The allowable stress value must also change significantly. Therefore, the strength conditions of a component under impact load or high-speed loading should not be based on the allowable stress [σ] value of the static load. In order to investigate the ability of structures to withstand impact loads and high-speed dynamic loads, analysis of physical damage test data is not performed when the allowable stress values are not resolved. This results in a lot of manpower and financial resources. For this reason, this article discusses the material’s strength analysis under impact load.