吸烟的妇女,浸润性与宫颈上皮内细胞癌发生的危险增加两倍,在吸烟者的宫颈粘液中发现可铁宁,证实暴露在宫颈的烟草成分许多是致癌的。但是,吸烟者宫颈粘液中激活的诱变因素是否增加尚有争论。评价细胞暴露于致癌物的敏感方法,是发现结合于靶的大分子如 DNA 的共价残基。 In women who smoke, the risk of invasiveness and cervical intraepithelial cell cancer increases twofold. Cotinine was found in the cervical mucus of smokers, confirming that many tobacco components exposed to the cervix are carcinogenic. However, it is still controversial whether the mutagenic factors activated in cervical mucus in smokers are increasing. A sensitive method for evaluating the exposure of cells to carcinogens is the discovery of covalent residues of macromolecules such as DNA that bind to the target.