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目的:探讨儿童H3K27变异型弥漫性中线胶质瘤的临床病理学特征并分析预后相关因素。方法:收集复旦大学附属儿科医院（39例）和西安交通大学附属西安市儿童医院（2例）2016年7月至2020年7月诊断为H3K27变异型弥漫性中线胶质瘤、年龄≤18岁的病例41例，分析其临床表现、影像学特点、组织病理学特征、免疫表型及分子遗传学特征，并对肿瘤的大小、发生部位和病理组织学分级在诊断及判断预后方面的意义进行探讨。结果:41例患儿中，男性21例，女性20例；发病年龄为3~14岁，平均年龄和中位年龄分别为7.6岁和7.0岁。其中发生于脑干36例，非脑干部位5例。临床多表现为头晕、行走不稳和肢体乏力等。影像学表现多变。组织学表现多样，从低级别到高级别胶质瘤形态均可见到，还可伴有神经元分化。免疫组织化学显示肿瘤细胞均弥漫表达H3K27M、胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）和Olig2。基因检测显示76%（16/21）病例肿瘤细胞H3F3A基因突变，多伴有TP53（62%，13/21）的错义突变；5例为（24%，5/21）HIST1H3B基因突变，均伴有ACVR1和磷酸肌醇3激酶（PI3K）途径基因（PIK3CA占4/5和PIK3R1占1/5）的错义突变。该肿瘤预后较差，随访显示仅1例患者存活，其余均死亡，平均总体生存时间7个月，中位总体生存时间为4个月。Cox多因素回归分析显示年龄、肿瘤部位、影像学肿瘤最大径、组织学级别和手术方式对患儿的总体生存时间影响均差异无统计学意义（n P>0.05）。n 结论:儿童H3K27变异型弥漫性中线胶质瘤具有独特的临床病理和分子遗传学特征，预后较差，肿瘤部位和病理组织学级别对预后无明显影响，需要新的特效药物和综合治疗方案来改善患儿的预后。“,”Objective:To investigate the clinicopathological features of pediatric diffuse midline glioma with H3K27 alteration and to analyze their relationship with prognosis.Methods:Forty-one cases of childhood diffuse midline glioma with H3K27 alteration were collected at Children′s Hospital of Fudan University (39 cases) and Xi′an Children′s Hospital (2 cases), from July 2016 to July 2020. The clinical manifestations, imaging data, histopathology, immunohistochemical phenotype and molecular genetics features, tumor size, site and histological grading were evaluated.Results:Among the 41 cases, 21 were males and 20 females, the age of onset was 3-14 years, the average and median age was 7.6 years and 7.0 years, respectively. The tumor sites were brain stem (n n=36) and other locations (n n=5). The clinical manifestations were dizziness, gait disturbance, and limb weakness, etc. The MRI features were variable. The histology varied from low-grade to high-grade glioma with neuron differentiation. Immunohistochemistry showed that the tumor cells expressed H3K27M, GFAP, and Olig2. Genetic study showed that 76% (16/21) of tumors had H3F3A gene mutation, mostly accompanied by TP53 (62%, 13/21) missense mutation; five tumors (24%, 5/21) had HIST1H3B gene mutation, accompanied by missense mutations in ACVR1 and PI3K pathway-related gene PIK3CA (4/5) and PIK3R1 (1/5) mutations. The prognosis was dismal with only one alive and others died. The average and median overall survival time was 7 months and 4 months, respectively. Cox multivariate regression analysis showed that age, tumor location, radiologically maximum tumor diameter, histologic grading, and surgical methods were not significantly associated with overall survival rate (n P>0.05).n Conclusions:Pediatric diffuse midline gliomas with H3K27 alteration have unique clinicopathological and genetic characteristics. The prognosis is poor. The tumor location and histopathologic grading are not related to prognosis. New specific drugs and comprehensive treatment are needed to improve the prognosis.