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财产权是西方经济思想史的重要议题之一。本文从西欧中世纪著名基督教思想家托马斯·阿奎那有关财产问题的文本入手,解读他对私有财产和共同权利之间关系的看法。在13世纪西欧商业繁荣、贫富差距日益增大的历史背景下,阿奎那勇敢地捍卫穷人在急需情况下偷盗的合法性,依据正义与平等原则,严格限制私有财产权。以合理的方式使用剩余财富是阿奎那对富人提出的要求。阿奎那希望源自内心友爱情感的慈善行为能够成为改善人与人之间财产关系的开始。这是中世纪思想家在解决贫富分化问题时同现代思想家的根本差异。
Property right is one of the important topics in the history of western economic thought. This article starts from the text of Thomas Aquinas, a well-known medieval Christian thinker in Western Europe, on the relationship between private property and common rights. In the context of the thriving commerce and the widening gap between rich and poor in Western Europe in the 13th century, Aquinas bravely defended the legality of theft by the poor in urgent need and strictly restricted private property rights in accordance with the principle of justice and equality. The use of surplus wealth in a rational way is what Aquinas claims to the rich. Aquinas hopes charitable acts that originate from inner affection can be the beginning of a better relationship between people. This is the fundamental difference between medieval thinkers and modern thinkers in resolving the issue of the polarization between the rich and the poor.