AIM: To detect the effect of intraoperative prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) infusion on survival of esophagectomized patients due to cancer. METHODS: In this preliminary study, a double blinded placebo based clinical trial was performed. Thirty patients with esophageal cancer scheduled for esophagectomy via the transthoracic approach were randomized by a block randomization method, in two equal groups: PGE1 group infusion of PGE1 (20 ng/kg per minute) in the operating room and placebo group saline 0.9% with the same volume and rate. The infusion began before induction of anesthesia and finished just before transfer to the intensive care unit. The patients, anesthetist, intensive care physicians, nurses and surgeons were blinded to both study groups. All the patients were anesthetized with the same method. For postoperative pain control, a thoracic epidural catheter was placed for all patients before induction of anesthesia. We followed up the patients until October 2010. Basic characteristics, duration of anesthesia, total surgery and thoracotomy time, preoperative hemoglobin, length of tumor, grade of histological differentiation, disease stage, number of lymph nodes in the resected mass, number of readmissions to hospital, total duration of readmission and survival rates were compared between the two groups. Some of the data originates from the historical data reported in our previous study. We report them for better realization of the follow up results. RESULTS: The patients’ characteristics and perioperative variables were compared between the two groups. There were no significant differences in age (P=0.48), gender (P=0.27), body mass index (P=0.77), American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status more than Ⅰ (P=0.71), and smoking (P=0.65). The PGE1 and placebo group were comparable in the following variables: duration of anesthesia (277±50 vs 270±67, P=0.86), duration of thoracotomy (89±35 vs 96±19, P=0.46), duration of operation (234±37 vs 240±66, P=0.75), volume of blood loss during operation (520±130 vs 630±330, P=0.34), and preoperative hemoglobin (14.4±2 vs 14.7±1.9, P=0.62), respectively. No hemodynamic complications requiring an infusion of dopamine or cessation of the PGE1 infusion were encountered. Cancer variables were compared between the PGE1 and placebo group. Length of tumor (11.9±3 vs 12.3±3, P=0.83), poor/undifferentiated grade of histological differentiation [3 (20%) vs 3 (20%), P=0.78], disease stage Ⅲ [5 (33.3%), 4 (26.7%), P=0.72] and more than 3 lymph nodes in the resected mass [3 (20%) vs 2 (13.3%), P=0.79] were similar in both groups. All the patients were discharged from hospital except one patient in the control group who died because of a post operative myocardial infarction. No life threatening postoperative complication occurred in any patient.The results of outcome and survival were the same in PGE1 and placebo group: number of readmissions (2.1±1 vs 1.9±1, P=0.61), total duration of readmission (27±12 vs 29±12, P=0.67), survival rate (10.1±3.8 vs 9.6±3.4, P=0.71), overall survival rate after one year [8 (53.3%) vs 7 (47%), P=0.72], overall survival rate after two years [3 (20%) vs 3 (20%), P=0.99], and overall survival rate after three years [0 vs 1 (6.7%), P=0.99], respectively. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, PGE1 did not shorten or lengthen the survival of patients with esophageal cancer. Larger studies are suggested. METHODS: In this preliminary study, a double blinded placebo based clinical trial was performed. Thirty patients with esophageal cancer scheduled for esophagectomy via the transthoracic approach were randomized by a block randomization method, in two equal groups: PGE1 group infusion of PGE1 (20 ng / kg per minute) in the operating room and placebo group saline 0.9% with the same volume and rate. of anesthesia and finished just before transfer to the intensive care unit. The patients, anesthetist, intensive care physicians, nurses and surgeons were blinded to both study groups. All the patients were anesthetized with the same method. For postoperative pain control, a thoracic epidural catheter was placed for all patients before induction of anesthesia. We followed up the patients until October 2010. Basic characteristics, duration of anesthesia, total surgery and thoracotomy time, preoperative hemoglobin, length of tumor, grade of histological differentiation, disease stage, number of lymph nodes in the resected mass, number of readmissions to hospital, total duration of readmission and survival rates were compared between The two groups. Some of the data originates from the historical data reported in our previous study. We reported them for better realization of the follow up results. RESULTS: The patients’ characteristics and perioperative variables were compared between the two groups. Significant differences in age (P = 0.48), gender (P = 0.27), body mass index (P = 0.77), American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status more than I (P = 0.71), and smoking PGE1 and placebo groups were comparable in the following variables: duration of anesthesia (277 ± 50 vs 270 ± 67, P = 0.86), duration of thoracotomy (89 ± 35 vs 96 ± 19, P = 0.46) ± 37 vs 240 ± 66, P = 0.7 5), voluNo significant correlation was observed between the blood loss during operation (520 ± 130 vs 630 ± 330, P = 0.34) and preoperative hemoglobin (14.4 ± 2 vs 14.7 ± 1.9, P = 0.62), respectively. No hemodynamic protocols requiring an infusion of dopamine or cessation of The PGE1 infusion were encountered. Cancer variables were compared between the PGE1 and placebo groups. Length of tumor (11.9 ± 3 vs 12.3 ± 3, P = 0.83), poor / undifferentiated grade of histological differentiation [3 3 (20%) vs. 2 (13.3%), P = 0.78], disease stage III [5 All the patients were discharged from hospital except one patient in the control group who died because of a postoperative myocardial infarction. No life threatening postoperative complicated occurred in any patient. The results of outcome and survival were the same in PGE1 and placebo group: number of readmissions (2.1 ± 1 vs 1.9 ± 1, P = 0.61), total duration of readmission (27 ± 12 survival rate (10.1 ± 3.8 vs 9.6 ± 3.4, P = 0.71), overall survival rate after one year [8 (53.3%) vs 7 (47%), P = 0.72] Overall survival rate after two years [3 (20%) vs 3 (20%), P = 0.99], and overall survival rate after three years [0 vs 1 (6.7%), P = 0.99], respectively. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, PGE1 did not shorten or lengthen the survival of patients with esophageal cancer. Larger studies are suggested.