目前,免疫接种是人类保护自身健康的一项最有效、最安全的干预活动。WHO 在全球实施基本免疫项目的过程中,面临着许多挑战。其中确保和监督免疫活动全流程的安全性,包括疫苗质量,疫苗的储存和管理,疫苗注射,废弃物的处置等,是必须考虑和解决的首要安全问题。伴随着牛痘疫苗的接种,人们逐渐认识到免疫负反应在其他疫苗接种的实施中也广泛存在,并已 At present, immunization is one of the most effective and safest human interventions to protect one’s health. WHO faces many challenges in implementing the basic immunization project around the world. Among them, the safety and security of the whole process of ensuring and monitoring the immunization activities, including the quality of vaccines, the storage and management of vaccines, the vaccination and the disposal of wastes, are the primary safety issues that must be considered and solved. With the vaccination of vaccinia vaccines, there is a growing realization that the negative immune response is also widespread in the implementation of other vaccines and has been