论文部分内容阅读
摘要:本文对中学英语教学中常用介词的用法进行了系统的归纳,并对其用法异同作了比较详尽的辨析。
关键词:介词;用法;辨析
在中学英语的教学中经常会碰到表示Exception与Addition 含义的介词,这些介词为数众多,其含义和用法多种多样,如except,except for,excepting,with the exception of等。它们不仅是英语词汇教学的一个难点,也是英语词汇测试的一个重点。学生经常对其用法的异同感到困惑不解,其语义的微妙区别和语法结构的特异之处也受到了英语语言学者和教师的普遍关注。本文在结合部分教师的教学经验和搜集有关资料的基础上,试图对中学教学中最常见的except, in addition to,apart form 的用法异同作出较为详尽的辨析。
一、表示Exception的常用介词
表示Exception 的常用介词有except,except for,excepting,with the exception of,but,apart from,aside from等。
1. Except
Except 意为“除去、除掉”, 表示与主要陈述的对象并不直接相关的唯一的人或物,即指“排除在外,并不包括在内”。如:
(1) Everybody was invited to the party except me.除了我之外,每个人都被邀请去了晚会。
(2)He came here everyday except Sunday. 除去星期天他每天都来。
Except 的用法十分活跃,能充当其宾语的词有名词(如例2)、代词(如例1)还有副词、介词短语、不定式和从句等。如:
(3) He always studies hard except recently.(副词)
(4)I usually goes to work on time except on rainy days.(介词短语)
(5)The old lady desired nothing except to see her son.(不定式)
(6) He did nothing except clean her room. (不定式)
(7) He usually goes to work on time except when it rains. (从句)
(8) My books seemed to be everywhere except wherethey ought to be.
Except that 从句,表示排除部分或排除异于包括在内者,即指某一个陈述具有例外情况。有时Except that 从句可以与except for 互相转换。如:
(9) I know nothing about him except that he lives nextdoor.我只知道他住在隔壁,其余一无所知。
(10) Nobody said a thing except that one or two asked me if I was better.只要一两个人询问我是否好些,其余的人什么都没说。
2.Except for
Except for 意为“除去……一点之外” 或 “要不是(因为有)……”,表示唯有一些人、物、想法等不能使你的陈述完全真实,用来从某一细节方面修正前面的概括。其后只能接名词或名词短语、代词和从句。如:
(1)The article is good except for the spelling.除了拼写,这篇文章还不错。
(2)She is a good student except for her carelessness.要不是因为粗心,她还是个好学生。
Except for 名词可与except that 从句互换。如:
(3)This house is very beautiful except for a bit shortness. = This house is very beautiful except that it is a bit short.
(4) She is a good student except for her carelessness. = She is a good student except that she is careless.
3. Except 与 Except for 的区别
except 与except for的区别:except用于排除同类,except for用于排除部分或异类(即排除者不同于包括在内者),不论其句子是肯定句还是否定句。如:
(1)We all agreed except him. ( we 和him均指人,是同类)
(2)The carpet is good except for its price.( the carpet 和its price分别指不同的事物,是异类)
4. Excepting
Excepting 意为“除……之外”,它只能用在句首或用在not,without,always等词后面。在现代英语中,excepting 作介词的用法已不常见,常用except代替。如:
(1)All the boys were late, not excepting Jim. 所有的男孩都迟到了,吉姆也不例外。
(2)Everybody must observe the rule not excepting the principal. 人人都得遵守规则,校长也不例外。
5. But
But 作介词时意思为“除……以外,不包括”,与except的用法比较类似,尤其在every,any,no,everywhere,anything,nobody,all,none等不定代词以及who等疑问词后面更是如此。如:
(1)They are all wrong but/except me. 除我之外,他们全都错了。
(2) Who but/except Mary would do such a thing? 除了玛丽还有谁愿意干这种事?
注意:but 短语不能放在句首。如:
(3) No one saw him but me. = No one but me saw him.
但不能说But me no one saw him.
6. But 与 Except 的区别
在表示被排除的情况是介词短语形式时,只用except,不用but。如:
(1) This window must not be opened except in emergency. 这扇窗子除紧急情况外,一律不得打开。
except 的意味比but强,强调除去的部分。如:
(2) We all went but you. 语气重在all.
(3) We all went except you. 语气重在you.
(4) I have finished all my exercises but one. 我只差一题就做完了。
(5) I have finished all my exercises except one. 我还剩一题没做。
在下列情况下只用but,不能用except替换。
A. but+形容词
(6) She was anything but pleased. 她很不高兴。
B. but与nothing连用,表示“只不过”、“完全是”的含义。
(7) Imperialism is nothing but a paper tiger.帝国主义不过是纸老虎。
C. but one(或two,three,etc)与first,last,next等连用时
(8) Please read the last but two paragraph for us.请朗读倒数第三段。
7. But for 与 except for的区别
But for 的意思与 except for相同,都表示“除去……一点之外” 或 “要不是(因为有)……”的含义。它们的区别是:except for用于直陈语气,but for用于虚拟语气。如:
(1) Mary is a very good girl,except for her carelessness.
(2) Mary would be a very good girl,but for her carelessness.
8. Apart from
Apart from 用于否定句中其含义=except。 如:
(1) I know nothing about her apart from her age.除了年龄,我对她一无所知。
(2) Apart from being too large, it just doesn’t suit me.除了太大,它对我也不合适。
二、表示Addition的常用介词
表示Addition的常用介词有besides,in addition to,apart from,aside from 等。
1. Besides
Besides 作介词并用于肯定句时,其意思为“除……之外,还有……”。有“外加”之意。其位置很灵活,可在句首、句中、句尾。如:
Besides English,I know Spanish. 除了英语之外,我还懂西班牙语。
2. Besides 与except 的区别
在肯定句中besides 与except 的主要区别就是看是否将这两个词之后的内容包括在内。包括了就用besides不包括就用except。试比较:
(1) Five others were late besides me. (共有6人迟到了,我包括在内)
(2) Nobody was late except me.(只有我一人迟到了,我不包括在没迟到的人之内)
用于否定句中 besides和except 的意思相同,表“除……之外(不再有,再没有,再也不)”的含义。如:
(3) I know nothing besides/except what I have told you.除了已对你说过的以为,我别无所知。
3. In addition to
In addition to 是介词短语,其含义同besides, 后接名词或动名词。如:
In addition to English, you’d better learn another.
4. Apart from
Apart from 意思是“除……之外”、“撇开……来说”,其含义同besides。该词主要表示整个情况中的例外,常指小的、不重要的事:说话者想要暂时撇开某一话题、争论,而提起稍不明显、没考虑到的事情。后接名词或动名词。如:
(1) Apart from sport,my other interest outside class is music.除了体育,我在课余的另一爱好就是音乐。
(2) Apart from being fun,swimming is a very useful skill.除了好玩,游泳还是一项有用的技能。
本文着重辩析了中学英语阶段常见的表示Exception 和Addition的7个介词的用法异同。由于这些介词在语义方面区别微妙,用法特异,一些词汇和语法专著也是见仁见智、不尽相同。综上所述,只需掌握Exception 和Addition介词的语义区别,就能较好地掌握这些介词,从而做到杂而不乱、运用自如。
参考文献:
[1]王福祯.大学英语同义词辨析词典[M].北京:中国国际广播出版社,2002.
[2]夏向东,王墨.现代英语常用疑难词词典[M].南京:江苏教育出版社,1998.
[3]李小鸽,何慎怡.中学同义词反义词词典[M].长沙:湖南教育出版社,2000.
[4]张道真.实用英语语法[M].北京:商务印书馆,1995.
(衡阳市职业中专)
关键词:介词;用法;辨析
在中学英语的教学中经常会碰到表示Exception与Addition 含义的介词,这些介词为数众多,其含义和用法多种多样,如except,except for,excepting,with the exception of等。它们不仅是英语词汇教学的一个难点,也是英语词汇测试的一个重点。学生经常对其用法的异同感到困惑不解,其语义的微妙区别和语法结构的特异之处也受到了英语语言学者和教师的普遍关注。本文在结合部分教师的教学经验和搜集有关资料的基础上,试图对中学教学中最常见的except, in addition to,apart form 的用法异同作出较为详尽的辨析。
一、表示Exception的常用介词
表示Exception 的常用介词有except,except for,excepting,with the exception of,but,apart from,aside from等。
1. Except
Except 意为“除去、除掉”, 表示与主要陈述的对象并不直接相关的唯一的人或物,即指“排除在外,并不包括在内”。如:
(1) Everybody was invited to the party except me.除了我之外,每个人都被邀请去了晚会。
(2)He came here everyday except Sunday. 除去星期天他每天都来。
Except 的用法十分活跃,能充当其宾语的词有名词(如例2)、代词(如例1)还有副词、介词短语、不定式和从句等。如:
(3) He always studies hard except recently.(副词)
(4)I usually goes to work on time except on rainy days.(介词短语)
(5)The old lady desired nothing except to see her son.(不定式)
(6) He did nothing except clean her room. (不定式)
(7) He usually goes to work on time except when it rains. (从句)
(8) My books seemed to be everywhere except wherethey ought to be.
Except that 从句,表示排除部分或排除异于包括在内者,即指某一个陈述具有例外情况。有时Except that 从句可以与except for 互相转换。如:
(9) I know nothing about him except that he lives nextdoor.我只知道他住在隔壁,其余一无所知。
(10) Nobody said a thing except that one or two asked me if I was better.只要一两个人询问我是否好些,其余的人什么都没说。
2.Except for
Except for 意为“除去……一点之外” 或 “要不是(因为有)……”,表示唯有一些人、物、想法等不能使你的陈述完全真实,用来从某一细节方面修正前面的概括。其后只能接名词或名词短语、代词和从句。如:
(1)The article is good except for the spelling.除了拼写,这篇文章还不错。
(2)She is a good student except for her carelessness.要不是因为粗心,她还是个好学生。
Except for 名词可与except that 从句互换。如:
(3)This house is very beautiful except for a bit shortness. = This house is very beautiful except that it is a bit short.
(4) She is a good student except for her carelessness. = She is a good student except that she is careless.
3. Except 与 Except for 的区别
except 与except for的区别:except用于排除同类,except for用于排除部分或异类(即排除者不同于包括在内者),不论其句子是肯定句还是否定句。如:
(1)We all agreed except him. ( we 和him均指人,是同类)
(2)The carpet is good except for its price.( the carpet 和its price分别指不同的事物,是异类)
4. Excepting
Excepting 意为“除……之外”,它只能用在句首或用在not,without,always等词后面。在现代英语中,excepting 作介词的用法已不常见,常用except代替。如:
(1)All the boys were late, not excepting Jim. 所有的男孩都迟到了,吉姆也不例外。
(2)Everybody must observe the rule not excepting the principal. 人人都得遵守规则,校长也不例外。
5. But
But 作介词时意思为“除……以外,不包括”,与except的用法比较类似,尤其在every,any,no,everywhere,anything,nobody,all,none等不定代词以及who等疑问词后面更是如此。如:
(1)They are all wrong but/except me. 除我之外,他们全都错了。
(2) Who but/except Mary would do such a thing? 除了玛丽还有谁愿意干这种事?
注意:but 短语不能放在句首。如:
(3) No one saw him but me. = No one but me saw him.
但不能说But me no one saw him.
6. But 与 Except 的区别
在表示被排除的情况是介词短语形式时,只用except,不用but。如:
(1) This window must not be opened except in emergency. 这扇窗子除紧急情况外,一律不得打开。
except 的意味比but强,强调除去的部分。如:
(2) We all went but you. 语气重在all.
(3) We all went except you. 语气重在you.
(4) I have finished all my exercises but one. 我只差一题就做完了。
(5) I have finished all my exercises except one. 我还剩一题没做。
在下列情况下只用but,不能用except替换。
A. but+形容词
(6) She was anything but pleased. 她很不高兴。
B. but与nothing连用,表示“只不过”、“完全是”的含义。
(7) Imperialism is nothing but a paper tiger.帝国主义不过是纸老虎。
C. but one(或two,three,etc)与first,last,next等连用时
(8) Please read the last but two paragraph for us.请朗读倒数第三段。
7. But for 与 except for的区别
But for 的意思与 except for相同,都表示“除去……一点之外” 或 “要不是(因为有)……”的含义。它们的区别是:except for用于直陈语气,but for用于虚拟语气。如:
(1) Mary is a very good girl,except for her carelessness.
(2) Mary would be a very good girl,but for her carelessness.
8. Apart from
Apart from 用于否定句中其含义=except。 如:
(1) I know nothing about her apart from her age.除了年龄,我对她一无所知。
(2) Apart from being too large, it just doesn’t suit me.除了太大,它对我也不合适。
二、表示Addition的常用介词
表示Addition的常用介词有besides,in addition to,apart from,aside from 等。
1. Besides
Besides 作介词并用于肯定句时,其意思为“除……之外,还有……”。有“外加”之意。其位置很灵活,可在句首、句中、句尾。如:
Besides English,I know Spanish. 除了英语之外,我还懂西班牙语。
2. Besides 与except 的区别
在肯定句中besides 与except 的主要区别就是看是否将这两个词之后的内容包括在内。包括了就用besides不包括就用except。试比较:
(1) Five others were late besides me. (共有6人迟到了,我包括在内)
(2) Nobody was late except me.(只有我一人迟到了,我不包括在没迟到的人之内)
用于否定句中 besides和except 的意思相同,表“除……之外(不再有,再没有,再也不)”的含义。如:
(3) I know nothing besides/except what I have told you.除了已对你说过的以为,我别无所知。
3. In addition to
In addition to 是介词短语,其含义同besides, 后接名词或动名词。如:
In addition to English, you’d better learn another.
4. Apart from
Apart from 意思是“除……之外”、“撇开……来说”,其含义同besides。该词主要表示整个情况中的例外,常指小的、不重要的事:说话者想要暂时撇开某一话题、争论,而提起稍不明显、没考虑到的事情。后接名词或动名词。如:
(1) Apart from sport,my other interest outside class is music.除了体育,我在课余的另一爱好就是音乐。
(2) Apart from being fun,swimming is a very useful skill.除了好玩,游泳还是一项有用的技能。
本文着重辩析了中学英语阶段常见的表示Exception 和Addition的7个介词的用法异同。由于这些介词在语义方面区别微妙,用法特异,一些词汇和语法专著也是见仁见智、不尽相同。综上所述,只需掌握Exception 和Addition介词的语义区别,就能较好地掌握这些介词,从而做到杂而不乱、运用自如。
参考文献:
[1]王福祯.大学英语同义词辨析词典[M].北京:中国国际广播出版社,2002.
[2]夏向东,王墨.现代英语常用疑难词词典[M].南京:江苏教育出版社,1998.
[3]李小鸽,何慎怡.中学同义词反义词词典[M].长沙:湖南教育出版社,2000.
[4]张道真.实用英语语法[M].北京:商务印书馆,1995.
(衡阳市职业中专)