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也先,又译额森、厄僧等,是明代蒙古史上的著名人物。他曾经联结东西蒙古诸部,巩固两翼,拆除明廷的“西域屏障”和“辽海藩篱”,并挥戈南下,大败明军,俘获英宗,威震中原。对于这样一位叱咤风云的人物,数百年来,在双重正统观念(黄金氏族正统观念及汉族等封建正统观念)的束缚和影响下,其形象往往是被歪曲的。在具有浓厚的成吉思汗系黄金氏族正统观念之封建史学家看来,他是“叛逆”、“篡位者”;在汉族等统治者的眼里,他是“诡诈百端的虏首”、“杀掠犯境的逆贼”。因此,到底如何评价也先,成为五个世纪以来的悬案。究竟哪些方面应予以肯定,哪些方面又该予以否定?目前在史学界尚有分歧。笔者认为,综观也先戎马倥偬的生涯,论析其功过,他应是蒙古史上有作为的首领,完全可以与达延汗等同样彪炳青册。为说明此点,笔者主要从其巩固东西蒙古的统一,打破传统观念和排除习惯势力的障碍,成为非黄金氏族的蒙古大汗;对瓦刺社会经济发展的作用;土木之役后及时达成景泰和议等三方面进行考察。
Also first, but also translated Esen, Eun, etc., is a famous figure in the history of Mongolia in the Ming Dynasty. He had linked the eastern and western parts of Mongolia, consolidated the two wings, demolished the Ming court’s “Western Shield” and “the Liaohai Fence,” and deflected the troops southward to defeat the Ming army and captured British Zong and Megatron Central Plains. For such a man of all times, over the centuries, his image has often been distorted under the shackles and influences of the dual orthodoxies (the orthodox ideas of the golden clan and feudal orthodoxy of the Han nationality). In the view of the feudal historians with a strong orthodoxy of the Jin clan as the Genghis Khan, he is “rebellious” and “usurper.” In the eyes of the Han and other rulers, he is “the leader of deceit” and “ Offended thief ”. Therefore, in the end how to evaluate first, become the overhang of five centuries. What areas should be affirmed, which aspects should be denied? There are still differences in the history of science. In my opinion, if we take a comprehensive look at the career of Aristotle, we should consider the merits and demerits. He should have been the leader of the history in Mongolia and be equally capable of copying the same books as Da Yan Khan. To illustrate this point, the author mainly from its consolidation of things Mongolia’s unification, to break the traditional concepts and eliminate the barriers of habit forces, as a non-gold clan of Mongolia Khan; on the thorn socio-economic development role; civil service battle in time to reach Jingtai And discuss the three aspects of investigation.