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一、辛亥革命前宁夏的社会状况自鸦片战争以来,帝国主义通过与清政府签订的一系列不平等条约,使中国沦为半殖民地半封建社会。据统计,从鸦片战争到八国联军入侵,仅战争赔款一项,不算利息,总额就达75382万两白银。这样的巨额赔款,加重了人民的税赋负担,吸干了中国人民的血汗,使中国人民日益积贫积弱。近代中国社会的基本矛盾——帝国主义与中华民族的矛盾,封建主义与人民大众的矛盾日益激化,它是辛亥革命爆发的直接原因。宁夏地处祖国西北边陲,在当时是全国政治经济文化都比较落后的地区之一,但宁夏自古以来就有“塞上江南”、“关中屏障”、“秦陇咽喉”之称。帝国主义的侵略矛头在十九世纪末就已指向了这一地区,由于
I. The Social Situation of Ningxia before the Revolution of 1911 Since the Opium War, imperialism has reduced China to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society through a series of unequal treaties signed with the Qing government. According to statistics, from the Opium War to the invasion of the Eight-Power Allied Forces, only the war indemnity one, not interest, the total amounted to 753.82 million two silver. This huge amount of compensation has aggravated the tax burden on the people, drained the blood and sweat of the Chinese people and made the Chinese people increasingly poor and weak. The basic contradictions in modern Chinese society - the contradiction between imperialism and the Chinese nation and the increasingly intensified contradiction between feudalism and the general public, are the direct reasons for the outbreak of the 1911 Revolution. At the time, Ningxia was located in the northwestern border of the motherland. At that time, Ningxia was one of the regions where the political, economic and cultural fields in China were relatively backward. However, Ningxia has long been known as “embarking on the south of the Yangtze River”, “barrier of the middle of the border” and “throat of Qin Long”. The thrust of imperialist aggression pointed to this area at the end of the nineteenth century