传统伦理学只涉及人与人的伦理关系,权利和义务,责任仅限于人际之间,而作为其哲学基础的自由意志与自然世界无所涉及。在此视域内,人对非人类物种、对自然世界应有的生态道德责任几乎无从谈起。生态危机的发生宣告了现代性所确认的支配和控制自然的自由意志的破产,即现代人不仅没有征服自然而获得在自然面前的自由,反而将人自身置于生存困境之中。 Traditional ethics only deals with the ethical relations, rights and obligations of people, the responsibility is limited to interpersonal relationships, and the free will and the natural world, which is the basis of their philosophy, are not involved. In this perspective, there is almost no mention of the ecological and moral responsibility that nonhuman species should have for the natural world. The occurrence of the ecological crisis proclaimed the bankruptcy of the free will governing and controlling nature as confirmed by modernity. Instead of granting freedom to nature, the modern people not only conquered nature, but placed themselves in the predicament of existence.