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20世纪之前,到达和使用海滩基本是美国加州民众的一种自然权利。之后,因无序开发和私有地产主关闭近海通道,公众的亲海权受到损害。为改变这种状况,加州在1972年通过公投产生了《海岸地区保护法》,1976年又由州议会通过了《海岸法》,使公众亲海权成为法律明文保护的目标。然而因资金匮乏,再加上联邦最高法院1987年的一个判例造成的不利影响,加州《海岸法》在生效后的最初20年中没能很好地发挥效力,尤其是在获取公众亲海通道和保障各收入阶层及各种族平等亲海权方面收效甚微。20世纪90年代中期后,加州公众和政府机构再次加大对此问题的关注和资金投入,克服了部分原来存在的问题,使公众亲海权在之后的20年又得到一定程度的发展。
Before the 20th century, reaching and using the beach was basically a natural right for the California citizens of the United States. After that, the pro-maritime rights of the public were harmed due to the disorderly development and the closure of the coastal passage by private property owners. To change this situation, California created the “Coastal Protection Act” through a referendum in 1972 and the “Coastal Law” passed by the State Assembly in 1976, making the pro-sea rights of the public a target of express-law protection. However, due to lack of funding, coupled with the unfavorable impact of a federal Supreme Court’s 1987 jurisprudence, the California Coastal Act failed to function effectively in the first two decades after its entry into force, particularly in obtaining public access to the sea And safeguarding the equal pro-maritime rights of all income groups and ethnic groups. After the mid-1990s, the public and government agencies in California once again increased their attention and funding for this issue and overcame some existing problems so that the pro-sea rights of the public could be further developed to some extent in the next 20 years.