道德情绪主义(moral sentimentalism)与理性主义(moral rationalism)是道德哲学中的一对经典观念。历史上曾有许多哲学家执笔为各自支持的一方进行辩护。进入20世纪中期以后,经验研究与哲学理论的互动趋势也影响了道德哲学领域。在这种新的形势下,传统的情绪主义与理性主义在不同的心理学阵营以及认知神经科学研究中都得到一定程度的支持。而道德计算主义(moral computationalism)或道德的计算理论(computational theory of morality)作为一种新兴的研究径路,跳出了教条的对立框架,提出内隐的操作原则(operative principles)才是道德认知的核心。大部分情况下,无论是情绪还是有意识的推理都仅仅是内隐计算的伴随,或衍生过程。狭义的道德计算主义是关于道德认知的一种科学理论,广义的道德计算主义则代表了道德情绪主义,理性主义之外的第三种哲学径路。道德计算主义提倡深入道德认知的腹心,在最深层的心智机制水平对普遍的道德直觉与多样化的道德体系进行解释。 Moral sentimentalism and moral rationalism are a pair of classic ideas in moral philosophy. There have been many philosophers in history who have defended the party they supported. After entering the middle of the 20th century, the trend of interaction between empirical research and philosophical theory has also affected the field of moral philosophy. In this new situation, traditional sentiment and rationalism have some degree of support in different psychology camps and cognitive neuroscience research. As an emerging research path, moral computationalism or computational theory of morality jumps out of the oppositional framework of dogma and proposes that the implicit operational principles are moral cognition core. In most cases, both emotional and conscious reasoning are merely companions of implicit calculations, or derivative processes. The narrow definition of moral computing is a kind of scientific theory about moral cognition, while the generalized moral computing represents the third kind of philosophical approach other than moral sentiment and rationalism. Moral computing advocates deepening the hearts and minds of moral cognition and explains the universal moral intuition and diversified moral system at the deepest level of mental mechanism.