在研究欧洲封建制度时,可以法兰克王国为典型,因为在那里封建社会最早形成,而且发展得比较完备.下面所引关于法兰克封建制的两组文件,要说明封建制度中的两个重要问题:(1)自由农民怎样转化为农奴?(2)封建特权怎样兴起?法兰克王国原有自由农民阶层,但第七,八世纪中封建主使用各种方式,迫使农民放弃自己的土地所有以和人身自由权。其中最普通的是“请求让地 In the study of the feudal system in Europe, Frankish kingdom can be typical, because there feudal society was first formed and developed more complete.The following quoted two sets of documents on the Frankish feudal system, to illustrate two important issues in the feudal system: (1) How can free peasants turn into serfs? (2) How did feudal privileges emerge? In the Frankish kingdom, free peasant strata existed. However, feudal lords in the seventh and eighth centuries used various methods to force peasants to abandon their own land for personal liberty right. The most common of these is “asking for land.”