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当代美国大都市区的低密度蔓延造成了一系列经济、社会和生态危害,于20世纪70年代兴起的增长管理运动到90年代发展为一个内容更加广泛的精明增长运动,一些相关组织提出了精明增长的概念和原则,在这些原则的指导下,许多州和地方政府制定和实施了精明增长政策和土地利用规划,对于遏制大都市区的蔓延及其危害发挥了积极的作用。然而,由于不同利益集团的冲突、学术界的歧见、草根阶层的抵制以及最高法院的司法判决,精明增长运动也面临着严峻的挑战。
The low-density spread of contemporary metropolitan areas has caused a series of economic, social and ecological harms. The growth management movement that flourished in the 1970s developed into a much broader and savvy growth movement by the 1990s. Some relevant organizations have proposed smart Under the guidance of these principles, many state and local governments have formulated and implemented smart growth policies and land-use planning under the guidance of these principles and have played a positive role in deterring the spread of the metropolitan area and its harms. However, the smart growth movement also faces serious challenges due to conflicts among different interest groups, academic disagreements, grassroots boycotts and Supreme Court justice.