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一、评价与元评价何谓评价?由于人们对评价的内涵与外延的认识不同,对评价有着不同的界定。一种观点把评价等同于测量和测验,持这种观点的人强调以量化的方法对学生学习结果进行测量。一种观点把评价定义为对教学目标达成状况的评估。泰勒认为:“评价是一个确定实际发生的行为变化的程度的过程”[1]在这里,泰勒强调评价以教育目标为中心,注重结果,更注重过程。还有一些学者把评价定义为搜集与提供信息,即通过评价对评价对象的优点和价值做出判断。斯克里文认为“评价是根据一组加权的目标标准,
First, evaluation and meta-evaluation What is evaluation? As people’s understanding of the connotation and extension of evaluation is different, there are different definitions of evaluation. One perspective equates evaluation with measurement and testing, and those who hold this view emphasize measuring student learning outcomes quantitatively. One view defines evaluation as an assessment of the achievement of a teaching goal. Taylor argues that ”evaluation is a process of determining the extent to which changes in behavior actually occur.“ [1] Here, Taylor emphasizes that evaluation focuses on education goals, results-oriented, and process-oriented. Some scholars also define the evaluation as collecting and providing information, that is, judging the advantages and values of the evaluation object through the evaluation. Screven believes that ”the evaluation is based on a set of weighted goal criteria,