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道德价值与反道德价值之间的区别产生自特定道德之内,而道德价值与非道德价值之间的区别产生自一种超越了一切特定道德视角的理论视角。对道德价值的独特本性的语言学的、心理学的和社会学的探索等间接探索方式所带来的麻烦是循环论证,即它们全都预设人们已知道德是什么。而康德式的直接探索(元伦理学与规范伦理学的交混)所带来的麻烦是,它所产出的是理想化概念而非工作性概念,不适应于道德价值的多变的和多元的现实。道德价值的普遍性比一般性弱,但比一致性强。普遍性原则远非普遍有效。道德价值在人们的价值体系中并不必然是至上的,而可能拥有一种相对弱势的地位。道德评价应当循着价值连续统而非对错好坏的二元对立而进行。具体情境中的道德选择的准则不是绝对的,而是在一定程度上相对的。
The distinction between moral values and anti-ethical values arises from a particular morality, and the distinction between moral and non-moral values arises from a theoretical perspective that transcends all particular moral perspectives. The hassle associated with indirect ways of exploration, such as the linguistic, psychological, and sociological exploration of the unique nature of moral values, is the cyclic argument that all of them presuppose what people know about morals. The trouble with Kant’s direct exploration (metaphysics of ethics and normative ethics) is that it produces idealized rather than working concepts that are incompatible with the changing, Multiple reality. The universality of moral values is weaker than general, but stronger than consistency. The principle of universality is far from universal. Moral values are not necessarily supreme in people’s value systems, but may have a relatively weak position. Moral evaluation should follow the dualistic opposition of value continuity rather than rightness or wrongness. The norms of moral choice in specific contexts are not absolute, but rather to some extent relative.