基于压缩感知的轴承故障特征提取与信号重构方法研究

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为解决旋转机械故障诊断过程中背景噪声过强,信号故障特征微弱,降低冗余信息过多对数据传输压力较大以及特征提取效果的影响,同时针对受损数据实现缺失数据的修复重构。本文基于压缩感知理论,研究了基于贡献率与加权奇异值分解(CR-SVD)和压缩感知的特征提取方法、基于改进最优方向(MOD)字典的缺失数据重构方法、基于矩阵优化与近似K-SVD(AK-SVD)字典的稀疏度自适应重构方法。主要内容及成果如下:
  (1)提出了基于CR-SVD和压缩感知的特征提取方法。滚动轴承早期微弱故障信息时常埋没于强背景噪声中,对其进行故障诊断较为困难。针对传统奇异值分解(SVD)故障诊断方法中,Hankel矩阵维度难以确定,奇异值分量筛选困难的问题,建立了基于CR-SVD和压缩感知的特征提取方法。首先引入奇异值贡献率有效确定Hankel矩阵的维度,综合考虑所有奇异值分量包含的信息;其次计算滚动轴承不同故障的理论特征频率,计算周期调制强度(PMI)值,再由筛选后的PMI值对SVD分量加权,有效剔除噪声干扰分量;最后采用压缩感知算法对SVD加权分量压缩重构,进一步减少信号中的冗余成分。通过仿真信号与实验信号验证分析,基于CR-SVD和压缩感知的特征提取方法能够有效减少微弱故障信号中的噪声分量,压缩重构后的数据保留原始信号中的故障信息,通过包络频谱分析有效实现故障诊断;
  (2)建立了基于改进MOD字典的缺失数据重构方法。传统压缩感知缺失数据重构方法中,固定字典不包含特定信号的特征信息,对缺失信号重构效果较差,而重构效果好的学习字典重构需要大量样本数据训练获取。为充分利用有限数据解决样本数不足的情况下缺失数据重构问题,开展了基于改进学习字典的缺失数据重构方法模型的研究。首先采用峰值保持降采样(PHDS)策略测试信号进行降采样,结合缺失数据的位置信息构建压缩感知测量矩阵;其次,截取样本信号中的冲击信息进行延拓,通过一定重叠比分段构建初始字典矩阵,在保证数据冗余的前提下,有效保留原始信号中的冲击信息,并解决样本数据量不足的问题;然后,在MOD字典稀疏编码阶段引入迭代终止准则,通过设置阈值误差避免稀疏度的预估;最后,在压缩感知理论下,采用稀疏度自适应匹配追踪(SAMP)算法对数据缺失部分进行修复,最终实现缺失数据的重构。通过仿真信号与实验信号验证,对比分析固定字典重构、不同稀疏优化求解算法重构以及改进MOD字典重构方法的重构准确率与特征提取效果。
  (3)构造了基于矩阵优化与AK-SVD字典的稀疏度自适应重构模型。MOD算法采用全局更新字典,计算效率低,传统K-SVD算法在此基础上进行优化,每次更新一列原子,然而更新字典过程中的SVD分解增大了计算量,其次,传统SAMP算法与正则正交匹配追踪(ROMP)算法需要预估迭代步长以及信号稀疏度,同时测量矩阵的构造极大影响重构准确率,针对以上三点问题,开展基于矩阵优化与近似K-SVD(AK-SVD)字典的压缩感知重构方法研究。首先采用AK-SVD算法学习字典原子,通过近似求解有效避免SVD分解,同时保证字典原子有效学习到故障冲击;其次,采用基于梯度下降法与QR分解的测量矩阵优化方法构造测量矩阵,在满足有限等距性质的情况下,降低测量矩阵列向量间的相关性;最后,采用稀疏度自适应正交匹配追踪算法(SA-ROMP)在无需设置稀疏度与步长的条件下实现稀疏系数求解。通过仿真信号和实验信号验证,基于矩阵优化与AK-SVD字典的稀疏度自适应重构方法信号重构准确率更高。
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