While T-lymphocytes are the major cell type responsible for host responses to a virus (including induction of inflammatory responses to aid in ultimate removal of virus), other cells, including macrophages, epithelial, and dendritic cells also have key roles.Endothelial cells also play important roles in physiologic/pathologic processes, like inflammation, during viral infections.As endothelial cells can be activated to release various endogenous compounds, including some cytokines, ex vivo measures of cytokine formation by the cells can be used to indirectly assess any potential endothelial dysfunction in situ.The research presented here sought to investigate potential immunolomodulatory effects of five saponins on endothelial cells: Saikosaponins A (SSA) and D (SSD), Panax Notoginseng Saponin (PNS) and Notoginsenoside R1 (SR1), and Anemoside B4 (AB4).For this, cells (porcine iliac artery endothelial line) were challenged with a virus isolate PCV2-AH for 24 hr and then treated with the test saponin (at 1, 5, or 10 μg/ml) for an additional 24 hr at 37℃.The culture supernatants were then collected and analyzed for interleukin (IL)-2,-4, and-10, as well as interferon (IFN)-by ELISA.The results revealed that PNS and SR1 inhibited the production of IL-4;PNS, SR1 and AB4 inhibited the secretion of IL-10;SSA, SSD and PNS up-regulated IL-2 expression;SSA and SSD increased the level of IFN.All these changes were significant.Taken together, the data suggested these saponins might potentially have a capacity to regulate immune responses in vivo via changes in production of these select cytokines by infected endothelial cells.Nevertheless, the impact of these agents on other key cell types involved in anti-viral responses, including T-lymphocytes, remains to be determined.