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Estrogen is widely recognized to play a primary role in mammary cancer.In apparent contrast with the dominant role of estrogens, the "Hyperandrogenic theory" ofbreast cancer, conceived and developed in our Laboratory since the late 60s of the last century, suggests a central role of androgens in promoting breast cancer development.According to the theory, androgen excess is the endocrine abnormality that characterizes women with breast cancer and stimulates cancer growth either directly or after conversion into estrogens.In a recent cross-sectional study on a cohort of 592 postmenopausal breast cancer patients, we found a significant association between high testosterone levels in the blood and BMI≥25 (suggesting increased androgen production in adipose tissue), tumor size≥2 cm (suggesting a role of androgens on tumor growth), and ER positive status (suggesting that hyperan&ogenemia is a marker of hormonedependent tumors).