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细菌性肺炎（ BP）是人类免疫缺陷病毒（ HIV）感染者主要的并发症之一。引起 BP的病原菌种类较多，常见的有肺炎球菌、流感嗜血杆菌及金黄色葡萄球菌等。 BP 是 HIV 感染患者最重要的致死原因之一，其临床表现较健康人群的 BP 更为严重，且易与其他机会感染相混淆。这类疾病的诊断主要依赖于病史及影像学检查，病原分离培养有助于指导选择抗生素但不够及时。 CD4＋T 细胞计数是判断患者是否需要住院治疗的重要指标，高度怀疑 HIV 相关性 BP 时首选β内酰胺类联合大环内酯类药物行经验性治疗，接种肺炎球菌疫苗有助于预防 BP。“,”Bacterial pneumonia ( BP) is a major complication of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.BP can be caused by many pathogen species such as S.pneumoniae,Haemophilus influ-enzae,Staphylococcus aureus and so on.BP is an important cause of death in patients with HIV,and its clini-cal manifestations are more severe than the health population.BP is easy to be misdiagnosed as other serious opportunistic infections,and its diagnosis depends on the infection history and imaging examinations.Patho-gen isolation and culture can be helpful for the choice of antibiotics,but is usually late for treatment.CD4+ T cell count is an important index to determine whether patients need hospitalization,and patients which are highly suspected as HIV-associated BP are treated with β-lactam plus macrolide as primary medication.Pneu-mococcal vaccination contributes to the prevention of HIV-associated BP.