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清代甘肃循化厅地处青藏高原东北缘,社会的边缘性、族群的多样性与文化的多元性,造成其乡约制度具有与内地社会迥异的特色。随着乡约制度的推广以及循化厅的设立,国家的权力逐渐下移至循化厅这一多族群地区,由此形成国家权力、部落权力与宗教权力的三元权力结构。循化厅乡约的职能与具体实践表明,虽然乡约并非官府的正式差役,但已然履行并分担了县级行政在基层社会的部分职责与权力。由此可见,中国传统国家权力的延伸触角,并非只到县一级,而是突破了“国权不下县”的传统。
Located in the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Gansu Xunhua Office in the Qing Dynasty saw the marginalization of society, the diversity of ethnic groups and the diversity of cultures, resulting in its unique rural contract system with features that are quite different from those in the Mainland. With the popularization of the system of rural courts and the establishment of the Xunhua Office, the power of the state gradually moved down to the multi-ethnic group of Xunhua Office, thus forming a ternary power structure of state power, tribal power and religious power. The functions and specific practices of the Xunhua Hall Township Covenants show that while the Township Covenants is not an official officer of the government, some responsibilities and powers of the county-level administration at the grassroots level have been fulfilled and shared. Thus it can be seen that the extension of China’s traditional state power does not only reach the county level, but has broken the tradition of “having no power over the county”.