The deposition of mineral phases on the heat transfer surfaces of brown coal power plants may have a negative effect on power plant boilers.The paragenesis of these deposits contains information about the actual temperature prevailed during the combustion of lignite,if the temperature-dependences of distinct mineral transformations or reactions are known.Here,we report results of a sintering study (to ～ 1100 ℃) with samples containing anhydrite,quartz,and gehlenite,which are typical components of Rhenish lignite ashes.Thermal decompositions and solid-state reactions were analyzed (1) in situ and (2) both in situ and after quenching using confocal hyperspectral Raman imaging.This novel application of confocal Raman spectroscopy provides temperature-and time-resolved,2-dimensional information about sintering processes with a micrometer-scale resolution.In the course of the sintering experiments with anhydrite and quartz with a weight ratio of 2:1 both polymorphs wollastonite and pseudowollastonite were identified in situ at about 920 and 1000 ℃,respectively.The formation of pseudowollastonite was thus observed about 120 ℃ below the phase transition temperature,demonstrating that it can form metastably.In addition,α’L-Ca2SiO4 was identified at about 1100 ℃.In samples containing equal weight fractions of anhydfite and quartz that were quenched after firing for 9 h at about 1100 ℃,β-Ca2SiO4 (lite) crystallized as rims around anhydrite grains and in direct contact to wollastonite.We furthermore observed that,depending on the ratio between quartz and anhydrite,wollastonite replaced quartz grains between 920 and 1100 ℃.,i.e.,the higher the quartz content,the lower the formation temperature of wollastonite.