“局”为应对19世纪中叶以来的新兴政务而设,因此从局的发展和变迁,可以看出晚清近代化的步伐。局大体经历了三个发展阶段:第一阶段为局的初步兴起。为了应付1853-1874年间的王朝叛乱,筹款和军需之局在战事中大量兴办。第二阶段为民政事务的局大量兴起。战后,为了恢复地方秩序,局由战事转为民事,其维护了地方社会的发展,造成了上海、汉口等初兴城市的地方自治。第三阶段,局成为国家官僚体系的组成部分。戊戌维新后,局在兴办农工商事务中的作用日益显著;清末新政改革,正式以局为国家官制改革的核心。局的兴办模式也随着发生了变化,由最初的军幕制度到委绅设局,再到科层管理,局的成熟终于成为现代文官制度确立的标志。 Since the establishment of the bureau in response to the emerging government affairs since the middle of the 19th century, the pace of modernization in the late Qing Dynasty can be seen from the development and changes of the bureau. The Board has generally experienced three stages of development: the first stage is the initial rise of the Bureau. In order to cope with the dynasty rebellions between 1853 and 1874, the fundraising and munitions offices were extensively established during the war. The second phase is the massive rise of the Bureau of Civil Affairs. After the war, in order to restore the local order, the Bureau turned from a war to a civil one, which safeguarded the development of local society and caused local self-government in such emerging cities as Shanghai and Hankou. In the third stage, the bureau becomes an integral part of the state bureaucracy. After the Reform Movement of 1898, the Bureau played an increasingly significant role in the establishment of agribusiness affairs; the reform of the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty formally took the bureau as the core of the reform of the state official system. As the bureau’s mode of establishment also changed, from the initial system of military operations to the establishment of the commission by the gentry and the management of the bureaucracy, the maturity of the bureau finally became the hallmark of the establishment of the modern civil service.