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在现代工业生产过程中,从业工人难免要接触多种化学物质。据统计,目前工业生产中应用的化学物质已达一万一千多种,而且每年尚有许多新合成的化学物质出现。这些物质有的是工业原料,中间产品,半成品,副产品和成品;有的则是农药、食品添加剂和工业废水,废气,废渣。在这数以万计的化学物质中,大约有32%具有不同程度的毒性,有些则是剧毒物质。它们以多种形式分布在生产环境里,若不注意防护则会引起危害,发生急性或慢性中毒。毒物的类型与形态工业毒物有许多性质相似,对人体的危害方式与防范措施也相同。根据毒物的性质及对人体的危害情况,工业毒物大致可分为下面几类。金属和类金属毒物。这是一类比较古老的毒物。主要有铅,汞,四乙铅,锰、铍、镉、铬、锌、锑、钡、镍、磷、磷化氢,砷及砷化物等。
In the process of modern industrial production, workers are inevitably exposed to a variety of chemical substances. According to statistics, at present, there are over 11,000 kinds of chemicals used in industrial production, and many new synthetic chemicals appear each year. Some of these substances are industrial raw materials, intermediate products, semi-finished products, by-products and finished products; others are pesticides, food additives and industrial waste water, waste gas and waste residue. Of these tens of thousands of chemicals, about 32% have varying degrees of toxicity, while others are highly toxic. They are distributed in a variety of forms in the production environment, if not pay attention to protection can cause harm, acute or chronic poisoning. The types and forms of poisons There are many similarities between industrial poisons and the same way they are harmful to human beings and preventive measures. According to the nature of poison and harm to the human body, industrial poison can be broadly divided into the following categories. Metal and metalloid poisons. This is a type of older poison. Mainly lead, mercury, tetraethyl lead, manganese, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, zinc, antimony, barium, nickel, phosphorus, phosphine, arsenic and arsenide.