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20世纪80年代初,拉关债务危机爆发。这不仅终结了该地区经济长期增长的局面,也逆转了中产阶级稳定扩张的势头。随后为解决危机而采取的一系列结构性调整政策,导致公共部门萎缩、失业率增加、收入减少和生活水平下降。中产阶级亦未能避免危机的冲击,经济和社会地位大幅下滑,甚至因此陷入了“新贫困”。90年代的新自由主义改革不仅没有改变经济颓势,反而加剧了贫困和不平等,中产阶级也进一步受到挤压。由于工薪收入是中产阶级的主要收入来源,因此中产阶级的贫困化主要源于失业、就业不足和就业质量下降。这种情势给拉美国家的社会政策提出了严重挑战,即如何在继续保持针对传统穷人的减贫政策的同时,注重满足中产阶级的新需求,建立一种包容中产阶级的新政策。
In the early 1980s, the debt crisis broke out in Rajwan. This not only ended the long-term economic growth in the region, but also reversed the momentum of the steady expansion of the middle class. Subsequently, a series of structural adjustment policies to address the crisis resulted in a shrinking public sector, an increase in unemployment, a decrease in income and a decrease in the standard of living. The middle class has also failed to avert the crisis and its economic and social status has fallen sharply. It has even plunged into “new poverty.” The neoliberal reform of the 1990s not only did not change the economic decline, but worsened poverty and inequality. The middle class was also further squeezed. As wage income is the main source of income for the middle class, the middle class is mainly driven by the loss of unemployment, underemployment and the decline in the quality of employment. This situation poses a serious challenge to the social policies of Latin American countries. In the meantime, they should pay more attention to meeting the new needs of the middle class and establishing a new policy that includes the middle class while continuing to maintain their anti-poverty policies aimed at the traditional poor.