自从十九世纪阿累尼乌斯提出电离理论以来,H~+离子就被当作酸的特征。但是,随着科学的发展,许多实验表明,在酸性水溶液中,单个的H~+离子是不可能独立存在的。人们根据各自的实验结果提出了“质子水合物、湿质子和水合氢离子”等概念。所用的表达式除了常见的H_3O~+之外,还有用H_(H_2O)~+、H~+ Since Arrhenius proposed ionization theory in the nineteenth century, H ~ + ions have been regarded as the characteristic of acid. However, with the development of science, many experiments show that it is impossible for individual H ~ + ions to exist independently in acidic aqueous solution. People according to their own experimental results put forward the “proton hydrate, wet proton and hydronium” concept. The expressions used in addition to the common H_3O ~ +, but also with H_ (H_2O) ~ +, H ~ +