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古漢語的基本詞類有三種。早期的偏於邏輯的歐洲語言學家和中國傳統的訓詁學家早已有這樣的分析:1.N動(用“非”否定,參拉丁文:nomen,古漢語:死字)2.V名 (用“不”否定,參拉丁文:verbum,古漢語:活字)3.P虚 (不可否定,參拉丁文:particula,古漢語:虚字)名詞性的作用的小類基本如下:1.c數:可數名詞(例如:nc樹“tree(not:timber)”)2.m質:質物名詞(例如:nm水 “water”)3.[post-N]關1:省略關係名詞(詞典裏可找)(例如:n[post-N]身 “=[己]身”)4.(post-N)關2:省略關係名詞(語境裏可找)(例如:n(post-N)父 “=(X之)父”)5.ab抽:抽象名詞(例如:nab義 “righteousness”)無主語的句法作用小類基本如下:1.V0邏輯方面没有的主語(例如:vi0雨)2.V(0)由上下文可以補充的省略的主語(例如:vi(0)然)3.V[0]由詞典定義可以補充的省略的主語 (例如:vi[0]諾)古漢語句法關係基本如下(小寫的 n,v,p等指的是單節語言成分,大寫的 N,V,P等指的是不限於單節語言成分).1.ad該語言成分修飾在它後面的語言成分(例如:vadN“白馬”的“白”)2.- 該語言成分被一個位於它前面的該語言成分所修飾(例如:npro-V“殺者”的“者”)3.postad該語言成分修飾位於它前面的該語言成分(例如:vpostadV“怒甚”的 “甚”)4.post- 該語言成分被它後面的該語言成分所修飾(例如:vpost-V“怒甚”的“怒”)5.= 該語言成分跟後面的該語言成分同指並立(例如:v=V“尊貴”的“尊”)6.post= 該語言成分跟前面的該語言成分同指並立 (例如:vpost=V“尊貴”的“貴”)5.& 該語言成分跟後面的該語言成分加上並立(例如:n&N“山水”的 “山”)6.post& 該語言成分跟前面的該語言成分加上並立(例如:npost&N“山水”的 “水”)7.|該語言成分跟後面的語言成分有挑選關係(例如:v|V“多少”的 “多”)8.post|該語言成分跟前面的語言成分有挑選關係(例如:vpost|V“多少”的 “少”)
There are three basic types of ancient Chinese. Earlier, the more logical European linguists and the traditional Chinese scholars have long been such an analysis: 1.N move (with “non ” negation, refer to Latin: nomen, ancient Chinese: dead words) 2. V name (with “no ” negation, refer to Latin: verbum, ancient Chinese: live type) 3. P imaginary (can not be denied, refer to Latin: particula, ancient Chinese: imaginary characters) : 1.c: countable nouns (for example: nc tree “tree (not: timber) ”) 2.m quality: nouns (for example: nm water “water ”) 3. [post-N] (For example: n [post-N] body “= [have] body ”) 4. (post-N) off 2: omit the relationship between the noun (the context can be (For example: n (post-N) father “= (X) father ”) 5.ab pumping: abstract nouns (for example: nab justice “righteousness : 1.V0 no subject in logic (eg: vi0 rain) 2.V (0) elliptical subject that can be supplemented by context (eg: vi (0)) 3.V [0] The omission of the subject (for example: vi [0] Conn.) Ancient Chinese syntactic relationship is basically as follows (lowercase n, v, p, etc. refers to the single language component, uppercase N, V, P, etc. refers to not limited to a single Language component) .1 .ad The language component modifies the language component behind it (for example: vadN ”White Horse “ ”White “) 2.- The language component is modified by a language component that precedes it (for example: npro- V ”killer “ ”person “) 3.postad The language component modifies the language component in front of it (for example: ”very “ in vpostadV The language component is modified by the language component behind it (for example: ”anger“ of vpost -V ”anger “) 5. = the language component is followed by the same language component (eg v = V ”noble “ ”respect “) 6.post = The language component with the front of the language component with the same finger (for example: vpost = V ”noble “ ”expensive The language component is followed by the language component (for example: n n “landscape ” “mountain ”) 6.post & The language component with the front of the language component plus (for example: npost & N “” Water “) 7. | The language component is followed by a selection of language components (eg ” more “of v V ” number “) 8.post | The language components have a relationship (for example: ”less“ for vpost | V ”number ")