The investigation and optimization of drag reduction in turbulent flow of Newtonian fluid passing th

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The nanophotocatalysts were synthesized in four stages and evaluated by FTIR,FESEM and VSM analysis.The influ-ence of nanofluids containing functionalized magnetic TiO2 nanophotocatalyst and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine lecithin in drag reduction of turbulent flow in four horizontal pipelines was studied.The effective parameters on drag reduction(nanoparticle concentration,surfactant concentration,pH and Re number)were investigated and op-timized in each pipeline using response surface method.The drag reduction in 1/2 galvanized,3/4 galvanized,1/2five-layer and 1/2 cuprous pipelines was found 99.1%,92.5%,87.6%and 85.2%,respectively.The model adequacy was measured using ANOVA.Based on the high determination coefficient,more than 95%of variance of experimen-tal data in all pipelines was described by quadratic model.
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