2008~2009年,贸易崩溃,产能缩减,堪比20世纪30年代的大萧条,许多国家的情况甚至更糟糕。然而,与经济大萧条不同的是,猖獗的保护主义并未随之而来。全球价值链的产业分工的兴起——垂直专业化——从某种程度上遏制了保护主义的抬头,但是这一点在之前的文献中没有得到重视。各种机构也限制了贸易保护主义者的反应程度。世贸组织的规则提高了对成员国使用贸易政策的成本,并且已成为过去50年 From 2008 to 2009, trade collapsed and production capacity shrank like the Great Depression of the 1930s, making the situation even worse in many countries. However, unlike the Great Depression, rampant protectionism did not follow. The rise of industrial division of labor in global value chains - vertical specialization - has to a certain extent halted the rise of protectionism, but this has not been emphasized in previous literature. Various agencies also limit the degree of protectionist reaction. WTO rules raise the costs of using trade policies with member countries and have become the norm in the past 50 years