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沉积盆地的热历史研究对盆地的动力学研究和油气成藏研究都具有重要的意义,已经成为当前盆地分析的一个热点及前沿领域。沉积盆地的热历史研究包括岩石圈尺度上的构造热演化法和盆地尺度上的古温标法,而两者都经历了从定性到半定量再到定量的发展过程。文章综述了目前沉积盆地热历史研究方法的基本原理和进展。构造热演化法按照不同的动力学机制将盆地划分成不同的类型:伸展盆地、前陆挠曲盆地、克拉通盆地、走滑拉分盆地。不同类型盆地的定量模型彼此各不相同。古温标方法的种类繁多,但各种方法都拥有自身的特点。文章综述了镜质体反射率、沥青反射率及镜状体反射率、裂变径迹、(U-Th)/He定年方法、有机质自由基浓度、岩石热声发射等古温标方法。利用古温标法进行热史反演,主要通过随机演化法、古地温梯度法、古热流法3种基本方法。此外,采用多种古温标耦合同步反演可以极大程度上提高反演结果的质量。因为单纯使用构造热演化法或古温标法存在较大的不确定性和多解性,所以利用计算机软件将二者结合使用成了沉积盆地热历史研究的趋势。
The study of thermal history in sedimentary basins is of great significance to the study of basin dynamics and hydrocarbon accumulation. It has become a hot area and a frontier field in basin analysis. Thermal history studies of sedimentary basins include tectono-thermal evolution at lithospheric scale and paleo-temperature scale at basin scale, both of which have undergone a development from qualitative to semi-quantitative to quantitative. The article summarizes the basic principles and progress of the current research methods of thermal history of sedimentary basins. Tectonic thermal evolution method is divided into different types of basins according to different dynamical mechanisms: extensional basins, foreland flexure basins, cratonic basins and strike-slip extensional basins. Quantitative models of different types of basins differ from each other. Ancient temperature standard method of a wide range, but a variety of methods have their own characteristics. In this paper, the ancient temperature standard methods such as vitrinite reflectance, asphaltene reflectance and specular reflectance, fission track, (U-Th) / He dating method, organic radical concentration and rock acoustic emission are reviewed. The thermal history inversion method is based on the ancient temperature scale method, mainly through three basic methods: stochastic evolution method, paleogeothermal gradient method and ancient heat flux method. In addition, the use of a variety of ancient temperature scale coupling synchronization inversion can greatly improve the quality of the inversion results. Because of the large uncertainty and multi-solution of using thermal temper- ature or paleotherm method alone, the combination of the two with computer software has become a trend of thermal history research in sedimentary basins.