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Background Nucleostemin is essential for the proliferation and survival of stem and cancer cells,but it is unknown whether this newly identified molecule is involved in prostate cancer pathogenesis.Methods Total RNA and protein were extracted from prostate cancer tissues and PC-3,LNCap and DU145 cell lines.The nucleostemin mRNA and protein expression were measured by RT-PCR and Western blot.Immunohistochemistry was also used to detect the nucleostemin protein expression in prostate cancer tissues and PC-3 cells.A nucleostemin specific,short hairpin RNA,expression plasmid was used to transfect PC-3 cells.The changes of nucleostemin gene were detected and the proliferative capacity of the cells was determined.Results Nucleostemin was highly expressed in prostate cancer tissues and cell lines.Nucleostemin expression level in the silencer group PC-3 cells remarkably reduced.The proliferation rate of silencer group PC-3 cells decreased and the percentage of G1 stage cells increased.The neoplasm forming capacity in nude mice of the silencer group PC-3 cells decreased significantly.Conclusions Nucleostemin is highly expressed in prostate cancer tissues and cell lines.The proliferative capacity of PC-3 cells is remarkably reduced after silencing nucleostemin gene expression.