Uyghur medicine refers to the traditional medicine of the people residing in the oases of the Taklamakan desert in the North-West cer of mod China.Due to historical and geographical reasons,the ancestors of the mod Uyghurs had extensive contact with GrecoRoman civilization even beginning in the 4th century BCE,and continuing with different extent until the 6th century CE.Thus,the knowledge of Greek humoral medicine spread to the Uyghur regions.When Arab-Persian medicine arrived along with Islam in the 10th century,it met both Buddhist medicine and the developed folk medicine.In this paper,we argue that Greco-Roman,Arab-Persian and Uyghur medicines are all of essentially the same system under holistic humoral medicine.We further assert that Traditional European Medicine is based on the same tradition,and,while it was discarded in the West,it has been substantially preserved by the Uyghurs.We also consider the implications of making the two millennial tradition of Uyghur medicine the object of mod scientific research in China.