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贫困作为一个相对范畴,与社会和历史背景相适应,在不同国家、不同文化及不同历史阶段有自己的特点。对贫困的衡量方法包括绝对贫困、相对贫困和主观贫困。从绝对贫困看,苏联居民的生活在20世纪40—60年代都处于相当低的水平,这在一定程度上是由苏联当时所处的外部环境决定的,国家将所有精力都集中在加速现代化进程以对抗外部威胁上,忽视了居民生活水平的改善。而从主观认知来看,由于苏联的意识形态宣传和动员计划的推行,苏联民众在“暂时困难”、“敌对环境”观念支撑下和对最高政权充分信任的基础上达成共识,对贫困的习惯使得民众认为生活水平低是理所应当的。这种双重性是苏联民众意识的矛盾之一。但到20世纪60年代以后,这一情况发生改变,对苏维埃政权、苏联意识形态和苏联社会形成了挑战。
As a relative category, poverty is compatible with social and historical background and has its own characteristics in different countries, different cultures and different historical stages. Measures of poverty include absolute poverty, relative poverty and subjective poverty. In terms of absolute poverty, the life of the inhabitants of the Soviet Union was at a rather low level in the 1940s and 1960s, partly due to the external environment in which the Soviet Union was then. The country concentrated its energies on accelerating the process of modernization To resist external threats, ignoring the improvement of living standards. From a subjective point of view, due to the propaganda and mobilization plan of the Soviet Union, the Soviet people reached consensus on the basis of the notion of “temporary difficulties”, “hostile environment” and full confidence in the supreme power , The habit of poverty makes the people think that the standard of living is deserved. This duality is one of the contradictions of the popular consciousness of the Soviet Union. However, this situation changed after the 1960s and posed a challenge to the Soviet regime, the Soviet ideology and the Soviet society.