尘肺合并肺间质性疾病临床并不多见,特别是特发性肺间质纤维化和尘肺有相同的临床表现,也有不同特征。笔者从尘肺和特发性肺间质纤维化两种疾病的发病原因、病理变化、影像学特征、诊断标准和治疗方法等分析两者的异同,以提高认识,避免误诊。正确的诊断和合理的治疗可以缓解病情,延长寿命,提高患者生命质量。 Pneumoconiosis with interstitial lung disease is rare in clinical practice, especially idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and pneumoconiosis have the same clinical manifestations, but also have different characteristics. The author analyzed the similarities and differences between pneumoconiosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis both in etiology, pathological changes, imaging features, diagnostic criteria and treatment methods, so as to raise awareness and avoid misdiagnosis. Correct diagnosis and reasonable treatment can alleviate the condition, prolong the life expectancy and improve the quality of patient’s life.