完形填空考查语境的三类考点

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  什么是语境?简单地说,语境就是语言环境,其实广义的语境包括语言环境(如上下文、词语的搭配)和非语言环境(如交际环境、背景知识等)。
  近几年高考英语完形填空题的最大特点就是以考查语境为主,其中有80%以上的考点均在不同程度上涉及语境考查。它要求考生能根据短文本身所提供的有关信息进行分析和推断,并从给定的选项中选出最佳答案填空。做这些题目时,考生不仅要结合空格的前后句信息进行分析,有时可能还要根据文章的前后段甚至全篇来进行综合理解,这样才能最后作出正确的选择。
  具体说来,完形填空考查语境的考点主要有三大类——根据前文语境考查后文语境,根据后文语境考查前文语境,考查对上下文语境的综合理解。
  一、 根据前文信息考查后文语境
  所谓根据前文信息考查后文语境,就是指命题者对设空处的考查以前文语境为依据,要求考生根据前文的理解来确定设空处的最佳信息。如:
  例1 There are times when people are so tired that they fall asleep almost anywhere. We can see there is a lot of sleeping on the bus or train on the way home from work in the evenings. A man will be reading the newspaper, and seconds later it appears as if he is trying to it.(2011年全国卷II)
  A. open B. eat C. find D. finish
  【分析】 B。这是一道比较有趣的语境题。文章主要讲的是人们在疲劳的时候,在什么地方都可能睡着,比如人们在傍晚下班回家的时候,通常就会在回家的车上睡着。有时一个人开始还在看报纸,但用不了几秒钟,他就好像在试图“吃”报纸了。为什么说好像要“吃”报纸呢?是因为看报纸的这个人打瞌睡了,他的头会越来越接近报纸,最后就把脸贴在报纸上了,所以就好像在“吃”报纸了。
  例2 One woman’s car, for example, went into the river. She woke up in four feet of and thought it was raining. (2011年全国卷II)
  A. dust B. water C. grass D. bush
  【分析】 B。根据前文中的One woman’s car went into the river(有个妇女把车开到河里去了)可知,空格处填water(水)最合适。全句意为:比如有个妇女把车开到河里去了,当车沉于4英尺深的水里时,她醒了,她还以为是在下雨。
  例3 A month later, I met Paul, who was traveling here. We fell in love. In the beginning, I didn’t want to discuss , because the sadness of losing Mum still felt great. (2011年四川卷)
  A. travel B. business C. children D. marriage
  【分析】 根据前文中的We fell in love(我们相爱了)可知,四个选项中只有D与空格处的语境最相符。另外,从常识上看,由于作者的母亲刚刚过世,自己还深陷丧母的悲痛之中,所以此时不想讨论结婚的事也是合乎情理的。
  例4 A boy was walking home from school when he saw a large, tempting(诱人的) apple on one of the branches of an apple tree hanging out over a tall fence. The boy wasn’t much of a fruit-eater, a bar of chocolate if given the choice... (2011年江苏卷)
  A. preferring B. offering
  C. receiving D. allowing
  【分析】 A。根据空格前的The boy wasn’t much of a fruit-eater(这男孩不太怎么爱吃水果)可知,空格处的最佳答案应是preferring(更喜欢)。其中preferring a bar of chocolate if given the choice的意思是“如果有选择的话,更喜欢要一块巧克力”,与前面的“不太怎么爱吃水果”相呼应。
  二、 根据后文信息考查前文语境
  所谓根据后文信息考查前文语境,就是指命题者对设空处的考查以后文语境为依据,要求考生根据对后文的理解来确定设空处的最佳信息。如:
  例1 The worst time to fall asleep is when . Police reports are full of accidents that occur when people fall into sleep and go off the road. If the drivers are lucky, they are not seriously hurt. (2011年全国卷Ⅱ)
  A. thinking B. working C. walking D. driving
  【分析】 D。根据后文中的police reports are full of accidents(警方的报告中记录了大量的交通事故)、people fall into sleep and go off the road(人们睡着了并偏离了道路)、If the drivers are lucky(如果司机幸运的话)等信息可知,空格处应填driving,指人们在开车的时候睡着是最糟糕的。
  例2 In her second grade, Maja her cousin, Jasmina. After Jasmina’s death, Maja swore she would honor the little girl by swimming with a dolphin, an animal that both girls adored. (2011年湖北卷)
  A. lost B. visited C. rescued D. left
  【分析】 A。根据后文的 after Jasmina’s death(在佳丝敏娜死之后)可知,马雅“失去”(lost)她的表妹。
  例3 But seemed to go right. She spilt the flour, she dropped an egg and she cut her finger. Despite all the troubles, she managed to get the chicken into the stove. (2011年江西卷)
  A. everything B. something C. anything D. nothing
  【分析】 D。根据后文的She spilt the flour(她洒落了面粉)、she dropped an egg(打碎了鸡蛋)、she cut her finger(割伤了手指)等信息可知,空格处填nothing最佳。Nothing seemed to go right的意思是“好像什么都不对劲”。
  例4 My best opportunity came a few days later when I saw a man by himself waiting for the library to open, so I sat down next to him and began a conversation. (2011年湖南卷)
  A. sitting B. walking C. riding D. running
  【分析】 A。根据后文的 so I sat down next to him and began a conversation(所以我就坐在他旁边,开始与他聊天)可知,既然可以坐在他的旁边,说明他也是坐着的(sitting),而不可能是在“走路”(walking),或是在“骑马或骑车”(riding),或是在“跑步”(running)。
  例5 When we were in the middle of the lake, a wind came all of a sudden. The boat was hit violently. (2011年重庆卷)
  A. strong B. gentle C. cold D. hot
  【分析】 A。根据后文的The boat was hit violently(这船受到猛烈地冲击)可知,这突然来的风“很强”(strong)。
  三、 考查对上下文信息的综合理解
  有时命题者在设空时,所考查的内容不仅涉及空格前的信息,同时也涉及空格后的信息,即要求考生对空格前后的信息进行综合理解,从而选出最佳答案。如:
  例1 Unfortunately, in 1993, during the civil war in her home country, a bomb took away her left leg. After two years’ in the U.S., Maja received her first artificial (人造的) leg. (2011年湖北卷)
  A. study B. potation C. treatment D. experiment
  【分析】 C。根据前文的a bomb took away her left leg(一只炸弹夺去她的左腿)和后文的received her first artificial leg(安装了人造假腿)可知,空格处填treatment(治疗)最合适。
  例2 We waited. Then there was a roar from the crowd, like an explosion, as the first members of the band stepped onto the stage. My brother leaned over and shouted something in my ear, but I couldn’t what he was saying. (2011年山东卷)
  A. forget B. hear
  C. repeat D. bear
  【分析】 B。空格前面说shouted something in my ear(对着我的耳朵大声喊),空格后面又说what he was saying(他说的话),再比较四个选项,显然只能选hear(听见),其余三项均与句子语境不符。
  例3 In December 2008, I was hired as a hotel manager and moved here full time. A month later, I met Paul, who was traveling here. We fell in love... by summer, we got married. A year later, we used his saving, and the money from the sale of Mom’s house, to build our own .
  We want to give our guests a homely feel, so each room is themed (以……为题) around memories from our lives. (2011年四川卷)
  A. hotel B. restaurant C. home D. shop
  【分析】 A。根据前文的I was hired as a hotel manager(我受聘担任酒店经理)和后文中的We want to give our guests a homely feel(我们想给我们的客人一种家的感觉)可知,作者是建了自己的酒店。
  例4 Another place where unplanned short sleep goes on is in the lecture hall where a student will start snoring(打鼾) so that the professor has to ask another student to shake the sleeper awake. (2011年全国卷II)
  A. bravely B. happily C. loudly D. carelessly
  【分析】 C。空格前面说学生在听讲座时睡着了,并且开始打鼾;空格后面又说做讲座的教授要叫另一个学生摇醒这个打鼾的学生——说明这个睡觉的学生鼾声很大(loudly),否则教授就不可能听到,也至于叫另一个学生去摇醒他。
  (编辑 陈根花)
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