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摘 要:英语课堂教学是一门艺术。这门艺术体现在教学设计须环环相扣,层次分明,过渡衔接自然巧妙。教师组织课堂时,运用恰当的过渡衔接手段,既能起到承上启下作用,也能使教学环节清楚明确,结构严谨,自然流畅。整堂课将一气呵成。给学生一次次艺术的享受的同时,也能架起一座座思维的桥梁,提高英语学习的有效性。本文旨在通过多样的教学片断,探讨中学英语教师对课堂巧妙过渡衔接的切入点。
关键词:过渡衔接;内在逻辑;内在主线;教学任务
一、研究背景
在课堂实践和听课过程中,笔者发现有时候课堂流畅顺利,师生配合默契。有时非常别扭,学生思维跟不上教师,好似‘赶鸭子上架’。究其原因,并非教学环节设计差,而是教师的过渡衔接生涩。教师很少使用高层次的英语教学语言,课堂指令性话语太多,教学从一环节到另一环节的痕迹过强,教学生硬。
教师往往比较关注书面教案的形成,而容易忽视教学语言的规范性。重书面,轻口语。然而,教学语言的设计环节同样重要。教师需要把提高教学语言作为备课的重要内容。教学过渡的语言就是教学语言设计中教师要考虑进去的一个重点。事实上,教学语言也成为评价一节英语课教学有效性的重要手段之一。
二、教学案例与评析
1.以英语学科知识的内在逻辑为切入点,过渡衔接贯穿在师生对话中
英语课堂的过渡主要依据,是知识的内在逻辑关系,有时也可以依据目标语学习的需要。教师如果能够把握这主要的两点,课堂过渡就能够做到自然流畅,符合学生的思维进度。
以下是上海高一牛津教材SurprisesAttheStudio一课的实录。展现了教师怎样借助英语语言的内在逻辑关系,如何环环相扣地处理本课生词的。
T: Unit 4 is something about surprise. First of all, can anyone tell me what a surprise is?
S: Something surprising, out of expectation.
T: Can it be something pleasant or unpleasant?
S: Both.
T: Ok, surprise is something unexpected and can be both pleasant and unpleasant. Today, the story happens in a studio. Do you know what a studio is? Let’s watch a video.
T: (看完后请学生说) What is a studio?
S: It’s a place where TV programs are filmed.
T: What is this program about?
S: It’s about a competition between two men and one wins.
T: (写出competition 并在旁边写上说出) And we can also say it’s about a contest.
( 再次放video , 在以下几个画面暂停并问学生.复习并引出生词)
T:Studio---host / hostess/---a man who takes part in the contest并在contest后加上ant( contestant ) 带学生读contest , contestant 并标出重音,提醒学生注意区别----who are those people sitting there? 引出audience 一词。
T: What are they doing?
S: They are clapping.
T: Look at their facial expressions. Are they confident or nervous?
S: Nervous.
T: We can also say they are tense. When people feel tense, they will chew their fingernails. Do you know what it means? Can you act it out?
T: When people feel nervous, they even faint. ‘Faint’ means ‘lose sense’. If you faint, you can’t see, can’t feel, you lose all your senses. Fortunately, these two contests don’t feel nervous. They are confident.-----what do you think the winner’s performance. Can you use one word to describe?
S:Excellent , successful, perfect, confident.
T: We can say he is terrific / he is terribly good. ( 并提醒学生比较terrific 和terribly的形似。 教师将整个录像串了一遍后,带读黑板上的生词。)
本教学片断中,教师借助在studio里录制的电视节目,引出studio一词。充分地把握了这些黑体词汇之间的内在联系,依据quiz节目进行的程序,通过精心设计的问题,用巧妙的过渡,自然而然地引出了生词。学生的回答说明他们轻而易举就理解了词义。教师巧设过渡,完成了导入,引出该课topic和处理生词的教学任务。 2. 以文本内在主线为切入点,过渡衔接贯穿于每个知识点之间
以下为上海市三女中丁燕婷老师的教学片断。所授课文为上海牛津教材高一下unit 3 more reading: learn to care for plants。课型为language points。文本主线care for plants贯穿在整堂课。每个词之间,或者词组与句型之间的过渡衔接都非常流畅。
While 和 have no idea 是教师本课须处理的最后2个语言点。处理过程如下:教师提问仙人球的特性,学生根据课文给出答案,教师立即抓住文中提及的新词while,在课件上标出,并要求学生朗读reading的前半部分,通过不同的句子强化while在句中的用法。然后提供2种情景,操练while。接着教师马上提问:While I like gardening, I have no idea what to grow, what could I grow? 学生回答:If you have no idea what to grow, you could plant a golden ball cactus。顺势引出have no idea。教师又复习了学生在高一时学过的相关句子,理解了have no idea的用法,紧接着进行相关话题的操练。在最后的一个操练活动中,学生提及:I have no idea why roses are so popular. 教师顺势说: If you have no idea why roses are popular, let’s read the following article。以此进入这篇关于why are roses so popular 的巩固练习。教师的话语之间,教师与学生的话语之间,教师话语和教学内容之间的过渡无处不在。
3. 以教学任务为切入点,过渡衔接体现于课堂首尾各环节的呼应
2015年4月笔者有幸听了上海市徐汇中学陈徐琦老师的一堂写作课。任务是:师生共同欣赏sample paragraph, 分析写作手法。之后,学生将运用恰当的方位介词,按一定的顺序,从视觉,听觉,嗅觉,触觉等方面描述一个熟悉的地方。陈老师是借班上课。铃向后,陈老师一边播放授课学校的图片一边说:
Although this is my second time to your school, I still can’t help telling you how impressive your school is. When I walk into your campus, the magnificent, five-storied building stands in front of me (in the bright sun), just like a host welcoming all the guests including me. On my right, the fresh and sweet smell of the grass and plants makes me feel spring is coming. I walk slowly into your classroom building and take your sightseeing elevator. Wow! Your large and spacious playground impresses me! I can imagine many students running, shouting and laughing happily there. Finally, I step into your classroom, and then I see --- all of you. Boys here are so handsome. Girls are pretty. Your happy facial expressions make your classroom full of energy and laughter. Your school is so beautiful that I can’t wait to share it with all of you here.
教师巧设过渡衔接,作了十分精彩的开场白。口头描述了对该校的印象。不但拉近和学生的距离,而且和接下来的教学环节形成了完美的呼应。给听课老师及学生带来了语言的艺术享受。接下来的sample paragraph 如下:
When I walk through the door at Susan’s snack bar, everything familiar greets me. The smell of freshly made coffee mixed with the sweet scent of cream surround me again. As usual, Susan is wiping the counter, even though it’s spotless. “Hey, you.” She says. She greets all her regular customers this way. Above her on the wall, giant pictures of sandwiches and salads make me even hungrier than I already am. A sign on the cash register announces today’s special ---- a bowl of vegetable beef and half a sandwich. I sit down at a cold, shiny table and watch Susan pour the milkshake into a tall glass. As she plops a fresh strawberry on top, my stomach growls. I can’t wait to place my order.
教师完美的过渡衔接,架起了师生间,学生和文本作者间思维的桥梁。老师巧妙的过渡衔接,学生得到充分的语言输入,写作才有样可依,有话可言。
三、结束语
巧妙的过渡可以起到自然过渡,上下贯通,深化逻辑的作用。通过对学生思维的引导,教师引领学生一步一步地完成学习任务。 教师将一节课所有内容衔接成一个整体,给学生以层次感,系统感。课堂过渡是门艺术,它能驾起教师和学生思维的桥梁,驾起知识和知识之间的桥梁。
参考文献:
[1]舒白梅、向宗平.《英语课程与教学论》.华中师范大学出版社,2010年
[2]钱雨萍“试论小学英语课堂衔接语的有效性”.《中小学外语教学和研究》,2008年第9期
[3]殷桂霞“让过渡语点亮英语课堂”.《快乐阅读》,2012年第2期
[4]荆元君“英语课堂教学中恰当使用过渡语必要性的思考”.《教育教学论坛》,2011年第11期
作者简介:
何红珍(1978.11~),女,籍贯:江西 学历:大学本科,目前职称:中学教师一级,主要研究方向:英语教育。
关键词:过渡衔接;内在逻辑;内在主线;教学任务
一、研究背景
在课堂实践和听课过程中,笔者发现有时候课堂流畅顺利,师生配合默契。有时非常别扭,学生思维跟不上教师,好似‘赶鸭子上架’。究其原因,并非教学环节设计差,而是教师的过渡衔接生涩。教师很少使用高层次的英语教学语言,课堂指令性话语太多,教学从一环节到另一环节的痕迹过强,教学生硬。
教师往往比较关注书面教案的形成,而容易忽视教学语言的规范性。重书面,轻口语。然而,教学语言的设计环节同样重要。教师需要把提高教学语言作为备课的重要内容。教学过渡的语言就是教学语言设计中教师要考虑进去的一个重点。事实上,教学语言也成为评价一节英语课教学有效性的重要手段之一。
二、教学案例与评析
1.以英语学科知识的内在逻辑为切入点,过渡衔接贯穿在师生对话中
英语课堂的过渡主要依据,是知识的内在逻辑关系,有时也可以依据目标语学习的需要。教师如果能够把握这主要的两点,课堂过渡就能够做到自然流畅,符合学生的思维进度。
以下是上海高一牛津教材SurprisesAttheStudio一课的实录。展现了教师怎样借助英语语言的内在逻辑关系,如何环环相扣地处理本课生词的。
T: Unit 4 is something about surprise. First of all, can anyone tell me what a surprise is?
S: Something surprising, out of expectation.
T: Can it be something pleasant or unpleasant?
S: Both.
T: Ok, surprise is something unexpected and can be both pleasant and unpleasant. Today, the story happens in a studio. Do you know what a studio is? Let’s watch a video.
T: (看完后请学生说) What is a studio?
S: It’s a place where TV programs are filmed.
T: What is this program about?
S: It’s about a competition between two men and one wins.
T: (写出competition 并在旁边写上说出) And we can also say it’s about a contest.
( 再次放video , 在以下几个画面暂停并问学生.复习并引出生词)
T:Studio---host / hostess/---a man who takes part in the contest并在contest后加上ant( contestant ) 带学生读contest , contestant 并标出重音,提醒学生注意区别----who are those people sitting there? 引出audience 一词。
T: What are they doing?
S: They are clapping.
T: Look at their facial expressions. Are they confident or nervous?
S: Nervous.
T: We can also say they are tense. When people feel tense, they will chew their fingernails. Do you know what it means? Can you act it out?
T: When people feel nervous, they even faint. ‘Faint’ means ‘lose sense’. If you faint, you can’t see, can’t feel, you lose all your senses. Fortunately, these two contests don’t feel nervous. They are confident.-----what do you think the winner’s performance. Can you use one word to describe?
S:Excellent , successful, perfect, confident.
T: We can say he is terrific / he is terribly good. ( 并提醒学生比较terrific 和terribly的形似。 教师将整个录像串了一遍后,带读黑板上的生词。)
本教学片断中,教师借助在studio里录制的电视节目,引出studio一词。充分地把握了这些黑体词汇之间的内在联系,依据quiz节目进行的程序,通过精心设计的问题,用巧妙的过渡,自然而然地引出了生词。学生的回答说明他们轻而易举就理解了词义。教师巧设过渡,完成了导入,引出该课topic和处理生词的教学任务。 2. 以文本内在主线为切入点,过渡衔接贯穿于每个知识点之间
以下为上海市三女中丁燕婷老师的教学片断。所授课文为上海牛津教材高一下unit 3 more reading: learn to care for plants。课型为language points。文本主线care for plants贯穿在整堂课。每个词之间,或者词组与句型之间的过渡衔接都非常流畅。
While 和 have no idea 是教师本课须处理的最后2个语言点。处理过程如下:教师提问仙人球的特性,学生根据课文给出答案,教师立即抓住文中提及的新词while,在课件上标出,并要求学生朗读reading的前半部分,通过不同的句子强化while在句中的用法。然后提供2种情景,操练while。接着教师马上提问:While I like gardening, I have no idea what to grow, what could I grow? 学生回答:If you have no idea what to grow, you could plant a golden ball cactus。顺势引出have no idea。教师又复习了学生在高一时学过的相关句子,理解了have no idea的用法,紧接着进行相关话题的操练。在最后的一个操练活动中,学生提及:I have no idea why roses are so popular. 教师顺势说: If you have no idea why roses are popular, let’s read the following article。以此进入这篇关于why are roses so popular 的巩固练习。教师的话语之间,教师与学生的话语之间,教师话语和教学内容之间的过渡无处不在。
3. 以教学任务为切入点,过渡衔接体现于课堂首尾各环节的呼应
2015年4月笔者有幸听了上海市徐汇中学陈徐琦老师的一堂写作课。任务是:师生共同欣赏sample paragraph, 分析写作手法。之后,学生将运用恰当的方位介词,按一定的顺序,从视觉,听觉,嗅觉,触觉等方面描述一个熟悉的地方。陈老师是借班上课。铃向后,陈老师一边播放授课学校的图片一边说:
Although this is my second time to your school, I still can’t help telling you how impressive your school is. When I walk into your campus, the magnificent, five-storied building stands in front of me (in the bright sun), just like a host welcoming all the guests including me. On my right, the fresh and sweet smell of the grass and plants makes me feel spring is coming. I walk slowly into your classroom building and take your sightseeing elevator. Wow! Your large and spacious playground impresses me! I can imagine many students running, shouting and laughing happily there. Finally, I step into your classroom, and then I see --- all of you. Boys here are so handsome. Girls are pretty. Your happy facial expressions make your classroom full of energy and laughter. Your school is so beautiful that I can’t wait to share it with all of you here.
教师巧设过渡衔接,作了十分精彩的开场白。口头描述了对该校的印象。不但拉近和学生的距离,而且和接下来的教学环节形成了完美的呼应。给听课老师及学生带来了语言的艺术享受。接下来的sample paragraph 如下:
When I walk through the door at Susan’s snack bar, everything familiar greets me. The smell of freshly made coffee mixed with the sweet scent of cream surround me again. As usual, Susan is wiping the counter, even though it’s spotless. “Hey, you.” She says. She greets all her regular customers this way. Above her on the wall, giant pictures of sandwiches and salads make me even hungrier than I already am. A sign on the cash register announces today’s special ---- a bowl of vegetable beef and half a sandwich. I sit down at a cold, shiny table and watch Susan pour the milkshake into a tall glass. As she plops a fresh strawberry on top, my stomach growls. I can’t wait to place my order.
教师完美的过渡衔接,架起了师生间,学生和文本作者间思维的桥梁。老师巧妙的过渡衔接,学生得到充分的语言输入,写作才有样可依,有话可言。
三、结束语
巧妙的过渡可以起到自然过渡,上下贯通,深化逻辑的作用。通过对学生思维的引导,教师引领学生一步一步地完成学习任务。 教师将一节课所有内容衔接成一个整体,给学生以层次感,系统感。课堂过渡是门艺术,它能驾起教师和学生思维的桥梁,驾起知识和知识之间的桥梁。
参考文献:
[1]舒白梅、向宗平.《英语课程与教学论》.华中师范大学出版社,2010年
[2]钱雨萍“试论小学英语课堂衔接语的有效性”.《中小学外语教学和研究》,2008年第9期
[3]殷桂霞“让过渡语点亮英语课堂”.《快乐阅读》,2012年第2期
[4]荆元君“英语课堂教学中恰当使用过渡语必要性的思考”.《教育教学论坛》,2011年第11期
作者简介:
何红珍(1978.11~),女,籍贯:江西 学历:大学本科,目前职称:中学教师一级,主要研究方向:英语教育。