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在英语中有两种语态，当句子的主语是动作的执行者时，谓语的形式叫主动语态。当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语的形式叫被动语态，现就被动语态的应用做一简要归纳，希望会对同学们有所裨益。
一、构成：被动语态由助动be+过去分词构成，时态通过be表现出来。例如：
1.一般现在时：English is spoken by many people.
2.一般过去时：The model plane was made by Tom.
3.一般将来时：The problem will be discussed tomorrow.
4.现在进行时：The road is being widened.
5.过去进行时：The new tool was being made.
6.现在完成时：The work has been finished.
7.过去完成时：He said that the work had been finished.
8.过去将来时：It was said that the building would be finished by next June.
二、一些特殊的被动结构
1.带情态动词的被动结构：
The problem must be solved soon. 这个问题必须尽快解决。
2.带不定式的被动结构：
Betty has never been heard to speak ill of others.
从未听到过贝蒂说别人坏话。
This task needs to be done with great care. 这项工作必须认真去做。
3.短语动词的被动结构：
短语动词的被动结构有以下几种：
1)动词+介词：若这类短语动词是及物的，则可用于被动语态，如：look at, look after, talk about, think of等。若这类短语动词是不及物的，则不可用于被动语态，如：look up, look down等。
The old are well looked after. 老人们得到了很好的照顾。
2)(及物)动词+副词：bring about, carry out, find out, make out, put away, put off, take up, turn down, turn out, wipe out等。
He demanded that the plan should be carried out soon.
他要求尽快实施方案。
3)动词+副词+介词：do away with, face up to, give in to, look down upon, make up for, put up with等。
The poor are always looked down by the rich.
富人总是看不起穷人。
The death penalty has been done away with in many European countries. 许多欧洲国家已废除了死刑。
4)动词+名词+介词：catch sight of, keep an eye on, fix one’s eyes upon, make a fool of, make use of, make fun of, pay attention to, put an end to, set fire to, take notice of等。
Nobody likes to be made fun of. 没有人喜欢被捉弄。
Our spare time should be made use of.
我们应当充分利用业余时间。
Your pronunciation must be paid attention to. 你应该注意发音。
4.带复合宾语的被动结构。动词在改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改成主语，宾语补足语保留在谓语后面。例如：
We always keep theclassroom clean.→The classroom is always kept clean.
三、有些情况需用主动代被动
1)动词want, need, require后用动词的主动式，这时，动名词和句中主语有动宾关系，而不定式需用被动式。例如：
The room needs cleaning/to be cleaned. 房间需要打扫。
The window wants cleaning/to be cleaned. 窗户需要清洗。
2)有些及物动词后须加副词(如well, easily等)；有些可不加，如act, clean, cut, draw, keep, lock, open, play, read, shut, strike, wash, write, measure, weigh等。例如：
The cloth washes/sells well. 这布很好洗(很畅销)。
The door won’t shut. 这门关不上。
The play won’t act. 这戏不宜上演。
The street measures twenty metres wide. 街道宽20米。
3)形容词worth后直接加动名词时。例如：
The book is worth reading a second time. 这本书值得再次阅读。
4)某些作表语的形容词后用不定式的主动式表示被动意义。例如：
The work is hard to do. 这项工作做起来很难。
5)某些感官动词和系动词(如feel, look, prove, smell, sound, taste, wear等)与形容词连用时。如：
The body of a hibernating animal feels very cold.
冬眠动物的身体摸上去很凉。
The dish tastes delicious. 这道菜尝起来非常可口。
四、有些情况不能用被动语态
1)动词leave, enter, reach等的宾语是表示处所、地点等。
He left hometown when he was five. 他五岁时就离开了家乡。
He entered the office without being permitted.
他未经许可就进了办公室。
2)表示状态的动词如become, benefit, cost, contain, equal, fit, fail, have, lack, last, mean, suit, look like等。
Two added to five equals seven. 二加五等于七。
Mary looks much like her mother. 玛丽看起来非常象她母亲。
3)以下不及物动词及短语动词：appear, belong to, break out, die, happen, lie, occur, rise, take place, agree with, consist of, have on, keep up with及一些固定词组，如keep words, lose heart, make a face等。
China is a developing country belonging to the third world.
中国是个发展中国家，属于第三世界。
Don’t lose heart, and you will succeed sooner or later.
不要灰心，你迟早会成功的。
Do you know the story taking place in our class?
你知道我们班发生的故事吗？
4)宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，动名词，抽象名词等。
He admired himself long in the mirror.
他长时间地打量着镜子中的自己。
We are now living a happy life. 我们现在过着幸福的生活。
The moment they got home, it began to snow.
他们刚一到家，天就下起雪来。
五、有些译成汉语时没有主语的句子，在英文中一般可用被动结构表示。例如：
据说……It is said that…
人们希望……It is hoped that…
人们相信……It is believed that…
众所周知……It is known that…
大家认为……It is considered that…
据推测……It is supposed that…
It is said that he is very rich. →He is said to be very rich.
据说他很富有。
另外，被动语态除了“be+过去分词”以外还有“get+及物动词的过去分词”形式。例如：
I tried to find my way through the forest without a map and got lost. 我试图不带地图从森林中通过，结果迷了路。
The girl is to get married to a rich businessman.
这位女士打算嫁给一位富商。
配套练习
1. The price of the car has ____.
A. brought down B. been brought down
C. been gone up D. been risen
2. Where and when to build the new factory ____ yet.
A. has not been decided B. are not decided
C. has not decided D. haven’t decided
3. ——Why does she look so unhappy?
——She ____ by her classmates.
A. was laughed B. has been laughed
C. has laughed at D. has been laughed at
4. ——Do you know our town at all?
——No, this is the first time I ____ here.
A. am sent B. was sent
C. have sent D. have been sent
5. No permission has ____ for anybody to enter the hall.
A. given B. to given C. being giving D. been given
6. Great changes ____ in the city, and a lot of factories ____.
A. have been taken place, have been set up
B. have taken place, have been set up
C. have taken place, have set up
D. were taken place, were set up
7. I’m sorry, sir. Your recorder isn’t ready yet. It ____ in the factory.
A. is being repaired B. is repaired
C. has been repaired D. hasn’t repaired
8. His cousin wants to get a job in a power plant which ____ still____.
A. is, building B. has, been built
C. is, being built D. is, to be built
9. ——____ the sports meet might be put off.
——Yes, it all depends on the weather.
A. I’ve been told B. I’ve told
C. I’m told D. I told
10. The boys under 18 ____ alcohol.
A. won’t be allowed to drink B. will not allowed to drink
C. will not be allowed drinking D. will not allow to drink
11. In order to help the disabled people, more special schools ____ them.
A. will prepare B. will be prepared for
C. will be prepared D. will be prepared to
12. Anyone who breaks the law ____.
A. will punish B. will be punished
C. will punished D. were not be punished
13. The words ____ if you don’t go over them for several days.
A. will forget B. forgotten
C. will be forgotten D. were forgotten
14. More trees ____ in their hometown in order that it can take on a new look.
A. plant B. planted C. will plant D. will be planted
15. Special treatment ____ the people who suffer from SARS.
A. will be provided for B. provide for
C. provided to D. will be provided to
Key(3)
一、构成：被动语态由助动be+过去分词构成，时态通过be表现出来。例如：
1.一般现在时：English is spoken by many people.
2.一般过去时：The model plane was made by Tom.
3.一般将来时：The problem will be discussed tomorrow.
4.现在进行时：The road is being widened.
5.过去进行时：The new tool was being made.
6.现在完成时：The work has been finished.
7.过去完成时：He said that the work had been finished.
8.过去将来时：It was said that the building would be finished by next June.
二、一些特殊的被动结构
1.带情态动词的被动结构：
The problem must be solved soon. 这个问题必须尽快解决。
2.带不定式的被动结构：
Betty has never been heard to speak ill of others.
从未听到过贝蒂说别人坏话。
This task needs to be done with great care. 这项工作必须认真去做。
3.短语动词的被动结构：
短语动词的被动结构有以下几种：
1)动词+介词：若这类短语动词是及物的，则可用于被动语态，如：look at, look after, talk about, think of等。若这类短语动词是不及物的，则不可用于被动语态，如：look up, look down等。
The old are well looked after. 老人们得到了很好的照顾。
2)(及物)动词+副词：bring about, carry out, find out, make out, put away, put off, take up, turn down, turn out, wipe out等。
He demanded that the plan should be carried out soon.
他要求尽快实施方案。
3)动词+副词+介词：do away with, face up to, give in to, look down upon, make up for, put up with等。
The poor are always looked down by the rich.
富人总是看不起穷人。
The death penalty has been done away with in many European countries. 许多欧洲国家已废除了死刑。
4)动词+名词+介词：catch sight of, keep an eye on, fix one’s eyes upon, make a fool of, make use of, make fun of, pay attention to, put an end to, set fire to, take notice of等。
Nobody likes to be made fun of. 没有人喜欢被捉弄。
Our spare time should be made use of.
我们应当充分利用业余时间。
Your pronunciation must be paid attention to. 你应该注意发音。
4.带复合宾语的被动结构。动词在改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改成主语，宾语补足语保留在谓语后面。例如：
We always keep theclassroom clean.→The classroom is always kept clean.
三、有些情况需用主动代被动
1)动词want, need, require后用动词的主动式，这时，动名词和句中主语有动宾关系，而不定式需用被动式。例如：
The room needs cleaning/to be cleaned. 房间需要打扫。
The window wants cleaning/to be cleaned. 窗户需要清洗。
2)有些及物动词后须加副词(如well, easily等)；有些可不加，如act, clean, cut, draw, keep, lock, open, play, read, shut, strike, wash, write, measure, weigh等。例如：
The cloth washes/sells well. 这布很好洗(很畅销)。
The door won’t shut. 这门关不上。
The play won’t act. 这戏不宜上演。
The street measures twenty metres wide. 街道宽20米。
3)形容词worth后直接加动名词时。例如：
The book is worth reading a second time. 这本书值得再次阅读。
4)某些作表语的形容词后用不定式的主动式表示被动意义。例如：
The work is hard to do. 这项工作做起来很难。
5)某些感官动词和系动词(如feel, look, prove, smell, sound, taste, wear等)与形容词连用时。如：
The body of a hibernating animal feels very cold.
冬眠动物的身体摸上去很凉。
The dish tastes delicious. 这道菜尝起来非常可口。
四、有些情况不能用被动语态
1)动词leave, enter, reach等的宾语是表示处所、地点等。
He left hometown when he was five. 他五岁时就离开了家乡。
He entered the office without being permitted.
他未经许可就进了办公室。
2)表示状态的动词如become, benefit, cost, contain, equal, fit, fail, have, lack, last, mean, suit, look like等。
Two added to five equals seven. 二加五等于七。
Mary looks much like her mother. 玛丽看起来非常象她母亲。
3)以下不及物动词及短语动词：appear, belong to, break out, die, happen, lie, occur, rise, take place, agree with, consist of, have on, keep up with及一些固定词组，如keep words, lose heart, make a face等。
China is a developing country belonging to the third world.
中国是个发展中国家，属于第三世界。
Don’t lose heart, and you will succeed sooner or later.
不要灰心，你迟早会成功的。
Do you know the story taking place in our class?
你知道我们班发生的故事吗？
4)宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，动名词，抽象名词等。
He admired himself long in the mirror.
他长时间地打量着镜子中的自己。
We are now living a happy life. 我们现在过着幸福的生活。
The moment they got home, it began to snow.
他们刚一到家，天就下起雪来。
五、有些译成汉语时没有主语的句子，在英文中一般可用被动结构表示。例如：
据说……It is said that…
人们希望……It is hoped that…
人们相信……It is believed that…
众所周知……It is known that…
大家认为……It is considered that…
据推测……It is supposed that…
It is said that he is very rich. →He is said to be very rich.
据说他很富有。
另外，被动语态除了“be+过去分词”以外还有“get+及物动词的过去分词”形式。例如：
I tried to find my way through the forest without a map and got lost. 我试图不带地图从森林中通过，结果迷了路。
The girl is to get married to a rich businessman.
这位女士打算嫁给一位富商。
配套练习
1. The price of the car has ____.
A. brought down B. been brought down
C. been gone up D. been risen
2. Where and when to build the new factory ____ yet.
A. has not been decided B. are not decided
C. has not decided D. haven’t decided
3. ——Why does she look so unhappy?
——She ____ by her classmates.
A. was laughed B. has been laughed
C. has laughed at D. has been laughed at
4. ——Do you know our town at all?
——No, this is the first time I ____ here.
A. am sent B. was sent
C. have sent D. have been sent
5. No permission has ____ for anybody to enter the hall.
A. given B. to given C. being giving D. been given
6. Great changes ____ in the city, and a lot of factories ____.
A. have been taken place, have been set up
B. have taken place, have been set up
C. have taken place, have set up
D. were taken place, were set up
7. I’m sorry, sir. Your recorder isn’t ready yet. It ____ in the factory.
A. is being repaired B. is repaired
C. has been repaired D. hasn’t repaired
8. His cousin wants to get a job in a power plant which ____ still____.
A. is, building B. has, been built
C. is, being built D. is, to be built
9. ——____ the sports meet might be put off.
——Yes, it all depends on the weather.
A. I’ve been told B. I’ve told
C. I’m told D. I told
10. The boys under 18 ____ alcohol.
A. won’t be allowed to drink B. will not allowed to drink
C. will not be allowed drinking D. will not allow to drink
11. In order to help the disabled people, more special schools ____ them.
A. will prepare B. will be prepared for
C. will be prepared D. will be prepared to
12. Anyone who breaks the law ____.
A. will punish B. will be punished
C. will punished D. were not be punished
13. The words ____ if you don’t go over them for several days.
A. will forget B. forgotten
C. will be forgotten D. were forgotten
14. More trees ____ in their hometown in order that it can take on a new look.
A. plant B. planted C. will plant D. will be planted
15. Special treatment ____ the people who suffer from SARS.
A. will be provided for B. provide for
C. provided to D. will be provided to
Key(3)