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特定与非特定计时机制一直是人类时间加工的两类假说,这两者在认知和神经层面具有各自的内涵和表现形式。新近研究表明:从认知层面看,特定计时系统说假定人类时间加工存在一种专门认知计时机制;非特定计时系统说认为人类时间加工不需要专门计时机制,而是通过对其他信息加工产物的分析获得。支持前者的认知模型主要涉及内部时钟模型、时间信息加工模型、注意阀门模型、资源分配模型及双滴水钟模型等;支持后者的认知模型主要有存储容量模型、变化/分割模型、背景变化模型、记忆痕迹模型等。从神经层面看,特定计时系统说主张特定的神经区域具有独特的表征时间信息的能力,当需要进行此类加工时该系统就会起作用;非特定计时系统说强调时间表征是源于内部的一种动态非特定神经机制,是基于感觉加工的激活数量或者神经元网络空间激活模式。支持前者的神经模型主要涉及特异化计时模型和分布式网络计时模型;支持后者的神经模型主要有状态依赖网络模型和能量读数模型。未来应该在更宏观的背景下探讨两类假说的相关问题,即实证研究的开展领域应该广泛化;理论模型的建构视角应该多元化;两类假说在认知和神经层面的内涵应该区分开。
Specific and non-specific timing mechanisms have been two types of human time processing hypothesis, both at the cognitive and neurological levels have their own connotation and manifestations. Recent research shows that, from a cognitive perspective, a particular timing system assumes that there is a special cognitive timing mechanism for human time processing; a non-specific timing system says that human time processing does not require a dedicated timing mechanism, but rather through the processing of other information processing products Obtained by the analysis. The cognitive model supporting the former mainly involves the internal clock model, the time information processing model, the attention valve model, the resource allocation model and the dual drip clock model; the latter supports the storage model, the variation / segmentation model, the background Change model, memory trace model and so on. At a neuronal level, a particular timing system states that a particular neural region has a unique ability to characterize temporal information and that the system will function when such processing is required; a non-specific timing system states that the emphasis on temporal representation is internal A dynamic, non-specific neural mechanism is based on the number of sensory processing activations or neuronal cyberspace activation patterns. The neural models that support the former mainly involve the specialization timing model and the distributed network timing model. The neural models that support the latter mainly include the state dependent network model and the energy reading model. In the future, we should explore the related issues of the two types of hypotheses in a more macroscopical context. That is to say, the field of empirical research should be extensive; the perspective of the theoretical model should be diversified; and the connotations of the two types of hypotheses at cognitive and neurological levels should be distinguished.