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Coal mine safety supervision system plays an important role in the coal mine safety management in China. However, the current supervision system is established on the basis of leing the advanced experience from other developed countries. It needs to be further improved according to national conditions. Therefore, the effectiveness of coal mine safety supervision system reform on three types of collieries are assessed by using time series analysis method based on comparative analysis of the supervision system before and after the reform in this paper. The regression results show that the structural reform is not conductive to the improvement of coal mine safety situation in the short term, but conductive significantly in the long term. Specifically, the effects in township coal mines are more significant than state-owned key coal mines in the long run, but negative effects also exist in the short term. The negative effects in state-owned key coal mines are non-significant compared with township coal mines. Moreover, the regression results are analyzed from the aspects of the closure policy of illegal small township coal mines at the end of 1998 and shortage of the new supervision system. Finally, the suggestions on improving the new supervision system are put forward based on the above analysis.