论文部分内容阅读
The year 2013 witnessed an increasingly volatile global economy， but an overall robust growth in Africa supported by strong investment demand， increased productive capacity as well as enhanced domestic consumption. The International Monetary Fund predicts that growth in Africa will reach to 5 percent in 2013 and 6 percent in 2014. Against this backdrop， both China and African countries focused on transforming their economic development modes and achieved impressive progress in bilateral trade and economic cooperation， involving more African countries and industrial sectors， which laid a solid foundation for the deepening of future cooperation.
Leap-frogging bilateral trade
China-Africa trade in 2012 reached $198.5 billion. China has been the largest trading partner of Africa since 2009. The share of China-Africa trade in China’s total foreign trade went up to 5.1 percent and its share in the total foreign trade of Africa reached 16.1 percent， both at the highest level in history.
Latest figures show that the trade between China and Africa from January to October of 2013 amounted to $172.8 billion， an increase of 5.5 percent year on year. South Africa， Angola and Nigeria were the top three African trading partners with China. China’s trade with South Africa alone accounted for 31 percent of the total China-Africa trade.
In 2013， trade between China and the majority of African countries was on the rise. Notably， China’s bilateral trade with Eritrea and South Sudan surged at the rates of 197.3 percent and 190.2 percent respectively. In addition， bilateral trade with African countries without rich energy resources such as Togo， Djibouti and Benin also increased by large margins. China-Africa trade took on an increasingly diversified pattern.
From January to October， China’s export of goods to Africa reached $76.08 billion， an increase of 9.6 percent year on year. Goods imported from Africa totaled $96.75 billion， up by 2.4 percent year on year， revealing China’s trade deficit with Africa. Africa is the second largest source of China’s crude oil imports. However， due to political instability in major oil production regions in Africa， China’s crude oil imports from the continent decreased. From January to October， China imported 53.48 million tons of crude oil from Africa， a yearon-year decrease of 0.99 percent.
Expanding investment cooperation
Africa is an important destination for Chinese companies’“globalization” efforts. By the end of 2012， China’s direct investment stock in Africa totaled $21.73 billion， up by 33.8 percent over the previous year. From January to October of 2013， China’s direct investment in Africa’s non-financial sectors reached $2.53 billion， up by 71.63 percent. About 12 African countries attracted more than $100 million direct investment in non-financial sectors from China. They are the Republic of Congo， Algeria， Mauritius， Zimbabwe， Sudan， Zambia， Nigeria， the Democratic Republic of the Congo， Angola， Ghana， Tanzania and Kenya. With the growing amount of China’s investment flow to Africa， the investment cooperation is expanding to more countries and industrial sectors. China has direct investment not only in African countries rich in resources， but in many others， making up a total of nearly 50 partner countries. The sectors of cooperation are expanding from the traditional fields of agriculture， mining and construction to manufacturing， financing， commerce and logistics.
Projects contracting on the rise
The Chinese Government encourages its enterprises and financial institutions to actively get involved in constructing Africa’s transportation and communication infrastructure. Africa has become China’s second largest overseas market for project contracting， after only other Asian markets. In 2012， China completed contracted projects in Africa worth $40.83 billion， up by 13 percent from the previous year.
From January to October 2013， the turnover of China’s completed contracted projects in Africa reached $32.21 billion， a year-on-year increase of 11.43 percent， with newly signed projects totaling $46.8 billion， increasing 22.48 percent compared to the same period of the previous year. Angola， Algeria， Nigeria and Ethiopia are the major markets for China’s contracted engineering projects.
Deepening economic cooperation
Over the past few years， the pace of China-Africa cooperation in sectors such as finance， aviation， tourism， commerce and logistics has picked up. Chinese financial institutions， like the Bank of China and the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China， expanded their operation to the continent and set up branches there. China Development Bank and the Export-Import Bank of China also sent work teams to Africa. The China-Africa Development Fund plays an active role in helping alleviate the cash pressure many African countries face as they further development. By the end of 2012， the fund has extended capital totaling $1.8 billion to 53 projects in over 20 African countries.
To meet the growing demand for air transport， airline companies from China and Africa， like China Hainan Airlines and Ethiopian Airlines， have taken initiatives in launching direct flights between the two sides to facilitate exchanges of passengers and freights.
As China-Africa exchanges deepen， Chinese tourists traveling to Africa and African ones to China are both on the rise. Since 2009 when the China-Africa Science and Technology Partnership Program was launched， China has initiated and strengthened technical exchange and cooperation with African countries， including technical demonstration and promotion， joint study， technical training and research facilities donation. Increasingly， China has become engaged in specific training programs and personnel exchange with African countries.
Economic restructuring breeding new opportunities China and Africa will both embrace a promising economic prosperity in the future. The two sides are also devoting themselves to restructuring respective economies and optimizing the mode of deepening economic relations with foreign countries. It is a mutual aspiration for them to gain new momentum for economic growth through expanding foreign trade and investment， accelerating industrial and technological transfer as well as investing in service sectors like finance and commerce.
African countries and regional organizations in the continent value cross-border infrastructural construction and regional economic integration. Chinese enterprises have gained numerous and useful experiences as well as technological advantages in this regard， ensuring a promising future for bilateral cooperation. These cooperation demands will shore up future China-Africa economic and trade cooperation toward a higher level.
Meanwhile， China-Africa cooperation will also encounter challenges. Price volatility of bulk stock in international markets will have a profound impact on African countries， especially those rich in energy resources. African economies will be influenced by developed and emerging economies. And political instability remains a threat to economic development.
In the future， China and Africa should seek more momentum to boost their economic development and more opportunities for wider cooperation so as to improve the quality of bilateral economic cooperation. They should also make efforts to improve cooperation mechanisms by adapting it to new realities and introducing innovations to optimize the cooperation pattern in various areas through communication and exchanges on both bilateral and multilateral platforms.
Leap-frogging bilateral trade
China-Africa trade in 2012 reached $198.5 billion. China has been the largest trading partner of Africa since 2009. The share of China-Africa trade in China’s total foreign trade went up to 5.1 percent and its share in the total foreign trade of Africa reached 16.1 percent， both at the highest level in history.
Latest figures show that the trade between China and Africa from January to October of 2013 amounted to $172.8 billion， an increase of 5.5 percent year on year. South Africa， Angola and Nigeria were the top three African trading partners with China. China’s trade with South Africa alone accounted for 31 percent of the total China-Africa trade.
In 2013， trade between China and the majority of African countries was on the rise. Notably， China’s bilateral trade with Eritrea and South Sudan surged at the rates of 197.3 percent and 190.2 percent respectively. In addition， bilateral trade with African countries without rich energy resources such as Togo， Djibouti and Benin also increased by large margins. China-Africa trade took on an increasingly diversified pattern.
From January to October， China’s export of goods to Africa reached $76.08 billion， an increase of 9.6 percent year on year. Goods imported from Africa totaled $96.75 billion， up by 2.4 percent year on year， revealing China’s trade deficit with Africa. Africa is the second largest source of China’s crude oil imports. However， due to political instability in major oil production regions in Africa， China’s crude oil imports from the continent decreased. From January to October， China imported 53.48 million tons of crude oil from Africa， a yearon-year decrease of 0.99 percent.
Expanding investment cooperation
Africa is an important destination for Chinese companies’“globalization” efforts. By the end of 2012， China’s direct investment stock in Africa totaled $21.73 billion， up by 33.8 percent over the previous year. From January to October of 2013， China’s direct investment in Africa’s non-financial sectors reached $2.53 billion， up by 71.63 percent. About 12 African countries attracted more than $100 million direct investment in non-financial sectors from China. They are the Republic of Congo， Algeria， Mauritius， Zimbabwe， Sudan， Zambia， Nigeria， the Democratic Republic of the Congo， Angola， Ghana， Tanzania and Kenya. With the growing amount of China’s investment flow to Africa， the investment cooperation is expanding to more countries and industrial sectors. China has direct investment not only in African countries rich in resources， but in many others， making up a total of nearly 50 partner countries. The sectors of cooperation are expanding from the traditional fields of agriculture， mining and construction to manufacturing， financing， commerce and logistics.
Projects contracting on the rise
The Chinese Government encourages its enterprises and financial institutions to actively get involved in constructing Africa’s transportation and communication infrastructure. Africa has become China’s second largest overseas market for project contracting， after only other Asian markets. In 2012， China completed contracted projects in Africa worth $40.83 billion， up by 13 percent from the previous year.
From January to October 2013， the turnover of China’s completed contracted projects in Africa reached $32.21 billion， a year-on-year increase of 11.43 percent， with newly signed projects totaling $46.8 billion， increasing 22.48 percent compared to the same period of the previous year. Angola， Algeria， Nigeria and Ethiopia are the major markets for China’s contracted engineering projects.
Deepening economic cooperation
Over the past few years， the pace of China-Africa cooperation in sectors such as finance， aviation， tourism， commerce and logistics has picked up. Chinese financial institutions， like the Bank of China and the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China， expanded their operation to the continent and set up branches there. China Development Bank and the Export-Import Bank of China also sent work teams to Africa. The China-Africa Development Fund plays an active role in helping alleviate the cash pressure many African countries face as they further development. By the end of 2012， the fund has extended capital totaling $1.8 billion to 53 projects in over 20 African countries.
To meet the growing demand for air transport， airline companies from China and Africa， like China Hainan Airlines and Ethiopian Airlines， have taken initiatives in launching direct flights between the two sides to facilitate exchanges of passengers and freights.
As China-Africa exchanges deepen， Chinese tourists traveling to Africa and African ones to China are both on the rise. Since 2009 when the China-Africa Science and Technology Partnership Program was launched， China has initiated and strengthened technical exchange and cooperation with African countries， including technical demonstration and promotion， joint study， technical training and research facilities donation. Increasingly， China has become engaged in specific training programs and personnel exchange with African countries.
Economic restructuring breeding new opportunities China and Africa will both embrace a promising economic prosperity in the future. The two sides are also devoting themselves to restructuring respective economies and optimizing the mode of deepening economic relations with foreign countries. It is a mutual aspiration for them to gain new momentum for economic growth through expanding foreign trade and investment， accelerating industrial and technological transfer as well as investing in service sectors like finance and commerce.
African countries and regional organizations in the continent value cross-border infrastructural construction and regional economic integration. Chinese enterprises have gained numerous and useful experiences as well as technological advantages in this regard， ensuring a promising future for bilateral cooperation. These cooperation demands will shore up future China-Africa economic and trade cooperation toward a higher level.
Meanwhile， China-Africa cooperation will also encounter challenges. Price volatility of bulk stock in international markets will have a profound impact on African countries， especially those rich in energy resources. African economies will be influenced by developed and emerging economies. And political instability remains a threat to economic development.
In the future， China and Africa should seek more momentum to boost their economic development and more opportunities for wider cooperation so as to improve the quality of bilateral economic cooperation. They should also make efforts to improve cooperation mechanisms by adapting it to new realities and introducing innovations to optimize the cooperation pattern in various areas through communication and exchanges on both bilateral and multilateral platforms.